It was a model of professionalism although it fought no wars. He also negotiated the Triple Alliance in 1882 with Austria-Hungary and Italy, and Italy and Austria-Hungary soon reached the "Mediterranean Agreement" with Britain. Ver perfiles de personas llamadas Otto Von Bismarck. [15][16], In March 1848, Prussia faced a revolution (one of the revolutions of 1848 across Europe), which completely overwhelmed King Frederick William IV. [76], En abril de 1862 se trasladó a París como embajador de Prusia y allí permaneció hasta septiembre de ese mismo año. Por entonces, fumar en la calle se consideraba, incluso fuera de Rusia, un signo de abrigar sentimientos revolucionarios. Peaceful relations with France became impossible after 1871 when Germany annexed all of the province of Alsace and much of Lorraine. Meanwhile, the conservatives regrouped, formed an inner group of advisers—including the Gerlach brothers, known as the "Camarilla"—around the King, and retook control of Berlin. Over the centuries various rulers had tried to unify the German states without success until Bismarck. [97] As for French designs on Morocco, Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst wrote in his memoirs that Bismarck had told him that Germany "could only be pleased if France took possession of the country" since "she would then be very occupied" and distracted from the loss of Alsace-Lorraine. Bismarck wished to form a new block with the Centre Party and invited Ludwig Windthorst, the parliamentary leader, to discuss an alliance. In 1890, Bismarck was granted the title of Herzog von Lauenburg ("Duke of Lauenburg"); the duchy was one of the territories that Prussia seized from the king of Denmark in 1864. Originally, it had been proposed that the Diet of the German Confederation, in which all the states of Germany were represented, should determine the fate of the duchies; but before this scheme could be effected, Bismarck induced Austria to agree to the Gastein Convention. The confederation was governed by a constitution largely drafted by Bismarck. Prussia annexed Schleswig, Holstein, Frankfurt, Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, and Nassau. 126, Krockow, Christian von, “Die Persönlichkeit der Kämpfer”..., pág. [155] But there were other German memories. In October 1857, Frederick William IV suffered a paralysing stroke, and his brother Wilhelm took over the Prussian government as Regent. Upon Bismarck's death in 1898 his dukedom, held only for his own lifetime, became extinct. En él, los liberales moderados disponían de mayoría absoluta. Fragmento de una carta contenida en el libro de. Prince Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898) was an aristocrat and statesman of the 19th century in Europe. En esos días, nadie era capaz de imaginar ni por lo más remoto que semejante nombramiento iniciaba una colaboración de casi tres décadas entre el monarca y su nuevo primer ministro. This observation became ironic, as after 1871, France indeed became Germany's permanent enemy, and eventually allied with Russia against Germany in the 1890s.[26]. Participó en la fundación del Kreuzzeitung ("Diario de la cruz") y en la asamblea constituyente de la "Asociación para la defensa de la propiedad y para el fomento del bienestar de las clases populares",[39] considerada por el pueblo, no sin motivo, como el parlamento de los Junkers. Bismarck then reversed himself, ended the Kulturkampf, broke with the Liberals, imposed protective tariffs, and formed a political alliance with the Centre Party to fight the Socialists. His health rallied momentarily on the 28th, but then sharply deteriorated over the next two days. It was a rare instance where Bismarck was outmaneuvered and embarrassed by his opponents, but from that he learned an important lesson. [1] En esa segunda época centró sus esfuerzos en frenar el movimiento obrero alemán, al que ilegalizó aprobando las Leyes Antisocialistas, al tiempo que intentaba atraerse a los trabajadores con la legislación social más avanzada del momento.[1]. Opponents, friends, and subordinates all remarked on Bismarck as "demonic," a kind of uncanny, diabolic personal power over men and affairs. [27] Bismarck, en una carta dirigida a su hermanos, la definió como "una mujer de inteligencia y nobleza de sentimientos muy singulares". While the war was in its final phase, Wilhelm I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor on 18 January 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors in the Château de Versailles. In 1816, the family moved to its Pomeranian estate, Kniephof (now Konarzewo, Poland), northeast of Stettin (now Szczecin), in the then-Prussian province of Farther Pomerania. [5][21] Esta decisión maduró con lentitud y no contó con la aprobación de sus padres. Mommsen, Wilhelm, “La juventud de Bismarck”..., pág. Bismarck opened debate on the subject in November 1881 in the Imperial Message to the Reichstag, using the term practical Christianity to describe his program. He was diagnosed with gangrene in his foot, but refused to accept treatment for it; as a result he had difficulty walking and was often confined to a wheelchair. A pesar de las poderosas ataduras que la política interior le imponía a su concepción de la política exterior, el discurso contiene formulaciones divergentes con las teorías sobre política exterior de sus amigos conservadores: Para un estadista es muy fácil llamar a la guerra, pronunciar discursos enardecidos y "confiar al mosquetero, que se desangra sobre la nieve, la obtención o no de la victoria y la gloria para su sistema. Some in the German military clamored for a preemptive war with Russia; Bismarck refused, stating: "Preemptive war is like committing suicide for fear of death. Now the issues hung upon Bismarck's decision. France never achieved any such gain, but it was made to look greedy and untrustworthy. Bismarck considered the program, established to provide sickness insurance for German industrial laborers, the least important and the least politically troublesome. [24] Sus opiniones de los años cuarenta contienen una severa autocrítica; en un pasaje dice que se "dejaba llevar a la deriva por el río de la vida". [43] En realidad, Bismarck solo pretendía que reinara la armonía y la concordia entre los distintos Estados alemanes y rechazaba de plano cualquier política unificadora que limitara el poder y la autonomía de Prusia. Al revés que su amigo Bismarck, Gerlach pensaba que las convicciones sobre política interior carecían de relevancia en el campo de la política exterior. The German states saw France as the aggressor, and—swept up by nationalism and patriotic zeal—they rallied to Prussia's side and provided troops. Los años siguientes los pasó en los tribunales de Berlín y Aquisgrán. Por entonces, Bismarck, como oposición a la "patraña alemana", solía referirse una y otra vez a su acendrado prusianismo. Bismarck and other European leaders opposed the growth of Russian influence and tried to protect the integrity of the Ottoman Empire (see Eastern Question). On 23 September 1862, Wilhelm appointed Bismarck Minister President and Foreign Minister. No obstante, afirmar su compenetración con la república es, a todas luces, exagerado. Bismarck dimitió ante la insistencia de Guillermo II en 1890, a los 75 años, sustituido como canciller de Alemania y ministro-presidente de Prusia por Leo von Caprivi. [119], In 1888 Kaiser Wilhelm I died, leaving the throne to his son, Friedrich III. Su labor en el Bundestag le dejaba tiempo suficiente para montar a caballo y para nadar. De haber existido otra solución, Guillermo I no había nombrado a Bismarck primer ministro. Kniephof. Mommsen, Wilhelm, “La juventud de Bismarck”..., pág. [75] "Además, no entiendo por qué retrocedemos como comadrejas ante la idea de que exista una representación popular, ya sea en el seno de la Confederación o en un Parlamento de la Unión Aduanera". Bismarck, hombre de ideología prusiana y conservadora, no deseaba en absoluto que por entonces se solucionase la cuestión alemana. Wilhelm threatened to abdicate in favour of his son Crown Prince Frederick William, who opposed his doing so, believing that Bismarck was the only politician capable of handling the crisis. The King's ministers could not convince legislators to pass the budget, and the King was unwilling to make concessions. Dentro del análisis global de Bismarck, se debe considerar también su estrecha vinculación con la naturaleza, su amor hacia las plantas y su alegría ante cualquier paisaje hermoso. [35] Pero hasta una parte de sus amigos conservadores pensaban que sus ideas suponían una simplificación errónea de los problemas objeto de discusión. [10], Bismarck was educated at Johann Ernst Plamann's elementary school,[11] and the Friedrich-Wilhelm and Graues Kloster secondary schools. De cualquier forma, en Bismarck esta perspectiva confluía con su deseo de desvincularse de Rusia y Austria, que antes de la guerra de Crimea socavaban la posición de Prusia. 45. [125], In a parliamentary state, the head of government depends on the confidence of the parliamentary majority and has the right to form coalitions to ensure their policies have majority support. Historia. He offered numerous concessions to the liberals: he wore the black-red-gold revolutionary colours (as seen on the flag of today's Germany), promised to promulgate a constitution, agreed that Prussia and other German states should merge into a single nation-state, and appointed a liberal, Gottfried Ludolf Camphausen, as Minister President. [34], Durante el año revolucionario de 1848, Bismarck fue un luchador decidido en pro del prusianismo y de la monarquía. Atacaba con energía incansable la codicia de las capas sociales más bajas y pensaba que el constitucionalismo era la fórmula más cara. Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) war eine der wichtigsten und prägendsten Persönlichkeiten der deutschen Geschichte. Bismarck, also known as the "Iron Chancellor", was the founder and first chancellor of the German Empire, and through his diplomatic skills, he managed to maintain the peace in Europe for a generation. [79] Al igual que en el pasado había hecho en Aquisgrán, Bismarck prolongó motu proprio su permiso y se olvidó del correo y de la prensa. 262. Birth of Otto von Bismarck, Reichskanzler (Chancello... Schönhausen, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Frankel in Bismarck's Shadow (2005) shows the Bismarck cult fostered and legitimized a new style of right-wing politics. [30], En principio, Bismarck defendió los derechos de la corona y de la nobleza,[30] cosa natural en él si tenemos en cuenta que era miembro de la última. His king Wilhelm I rarely challenged the Chancellor's decisions; on several occasions, Bismarck obtained his monarch's approval by threatening to resign. The liberal movement perished by the end of 1848 amid internal fighting. [103], Hans-Ulrich Wehler argues that his imperialistic policies were based on internal political and economic forces; they were not his response to external pressure. [51] Hasta 1852 siguió perteneciendo a la segunda Cámara prusiana, y en ella desarrolló una lucha radical y muy personal. Mommsen, Wilhelm, “Embajador en Frankfurt, San Petersburgo y París”..., pág. Por lo que a personas y potencias extranjeras concierne, yo no puedo justificar las simpatías o antipatías, ni admito las de los demás, porque no me lo permite el sentido del deber en el servicio exterior de mi país. For historian Eric Hobsbawm, it was Bismarck who "remained undisputed world champion at the game of multilateral diplomatic chess for almost twenty years after 1871, [and] devoted himself exclusively, and successfully, to maintaining peace between the powers". [46] Prusia y Austria, en pie de igualdad, debían reconciliarse entre sí a expensas de los Estados más pequeños. The Pope kept control of the selection of bishops, and Catholics for the most part supported unification and most of Bismarck's policies. He was also convinced that the French would not be able to find allies since " France, the victor, would be a danger to everybody – Prussia to nobody." [45], Bismarck wrote in his Memoirs that he "had no doubt that a Franco-German war must take place before the construction of a united Germany could be realised. [114], According to a 2019 study, the health insurance legislation caused a substantial reduction in mortality.[118]. [66] El regente habló del futuro canciller con escasa simpatía, y su esposa Augusta lo odiaba desde 1848. [40] Bismarck had originally managed to convince smaller states like Saxony, Hesse-Kassel, and Hanover to join with Prussia against Austria, after promising them protection from foreign invasion and fair commercial laws. Bismarck tomó el timón de Prusia en una época muy comprometida, tanto en el interior como en el exterior. Bismarck, therefore, engaged in a policy of diplomatically isolating France while maintaining cordial relations with other nations in Europe. 55. He also believed that the middle-class liberals wanted a unified Germany more than they wanted to break the grip of the traditional forces over society. 30. En aquella época, Bismarck ni quiso ni contribuyó a la ruptura con Austria. [12] At Göttingen, Bismarck befriended the American student John Lothrop Motley. 47. Public opinion demanded it to humiliate France, and the Army wanted its more defensible frontiers. [116][117] The health service was established on a local basis, with the cost divided between employers and the employed. Bismarck was intent on maintaining royal supremacy by ending the budget deadlock in the King's favour, even if he had to use extralegal means to do so. Al iniciarse su estancia en Fráncfort del Meno, Bismarck había visitado al excanciller Metternich en su palacio de Johannisberg;[54] al parecer, ambos estadistas se entendieron a las mil maravillas. [2] En 1847 entró a formar parte del parlamento prusiano,[2] donde muy pronto se convirtió en líder del ala conservadora. Bismarck, que defendía el nacionalismo prusiano como un factor específico, temía que la monarquía prusiana desapareciera en la "hedionda agitación revolucionaria que estaba sumiendo en el caos al sur de Alemania". The navy was small under Bismarck.[72]. En un debate sobre la emancipación de los judíos, Bismarck reconoció con orgullo que él había recibido aquellos prejuicios con la leche materna. Su comportamiento en Fráncfort le había granjeado el odio de los políticos austríacos y de los Estados centrales. The King of Prussia, as German Emperor, was not sovereign over the entirety of Germany; he was only primus inter pares, or first among equals. [citation needed] When Denmark refused, Austria and Prussia invaded, sparking the Second Schleswig War. 63. sesión de despedida de la Dieta de Fráncfort, https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_von_Bismarck&oldid=134611759, Caballeros de la Orden del Toisón de Oro (Rama española), Caballeros de la Orden de San Juan (Bailiazgo de Brandeburgo), Caballeros grandes cruces de la Orden del Águila Roja, Miembros vitalicios de la Cámara de los Señores de Prusia, Caballeros de grado especial (con diamantes) de la Orden de la Corona de Ruda, Miembros de la Academia de las Artes de Berlín, Miembros hereditarios de la Cámara de los Señores de Prusia, Caballeros de la Orden del Águila Blanca (Rusia), Wikipedia:Páginas con plantillas con argumentos duplicados, Wikipedia:Artículos con pasajes que requieren referencias, Wikipedia:Páginas con propiedades de Wikidata con etiqueta en otro idioma, Wikipedia:Artículos buenos en la Wikipedia en japonés, Wikipedia:Artículos buenos en la Wikipedia en ucraniano, Wikipedia:Artículos buenos en la Wikipedia en occitano, Wikipedia:Artículos destacados en la Wikipedia en francés, Wikipedia:Artículos destacados en la Wikipedia en alemán, Wikipedia:Artículos que necesitan referencias, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores VIAF, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores ISNI, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNE, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNF, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores GND, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores LCCN, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores NLA, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores SNAC, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BIBSYS, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores UB, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores Open Library, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BVMC persona, Wikipedia:Control de autoridades con 20 elementos, Wikipedia:Páginas con enlaces mágicos de ISBN, Licencia Creative Commons Atribución Compartir Igual 3.0, Königliche Staats- und landwirtschaftliche Akademie Eldena. [10][11] En el futuro, el propio Bismarck se sentiría cada vez más atraído por su padre, a pesar de ser consciente de su primitivismo. ... As Odo Russell wrote to his mother, [Lady Emily Russell,] "The demonic is stronger in him than in any man I know." Pero este juicio no tardaría en modificarse, a consecuencia de la asistencia a las sesiones del Bundestag: en él las discusiones versaban sobre temas intrascendentes, y Bismarck hablaba de la charlatanería y presunción de sus inteligentísimos miembros, que todo lo reducían a agua de borrajas; criticaba la vida social de Fráncfort, la afición desmedida de los diplomáticos por el baile y los rasgos burgueses de la sociedad de aquella ciudad. Der Reichskanzlertitel wurde darüber hinaus zuweilen auch in anderen Monarchien Europas wichtigen Ministern verliehen, so etwa wurde dieser in Österreich-Ungarn von 1867 bis 1871 vom k. u. k. Außenminister Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust und in Russland vom Fürsten Gortschakow geführt. Estas palabras constituyen el primer indicio de que Bismarck aspiraba a la hegemonía de Prusia en el norte de Alemania. [6] Bismarck se convirtió en primer ministro de Prusia y canciller. Not content with this, Paris demanded that Wilhelm, as head of the House of Hohenzollern, assure that no Hohenzollern would ever seek the Spanish crown again. )[87] Germany's foreign policy fell into a trap with no exit. The National Liberals took this program to be an expression of State Socialism, against which they were dead set. [58], The British ambassador Odo Russell reported to London in October 1872 that Bismarck's plans were backfiring by strengthening the ultramontane (pro-papal) position inside German Catholicism: En una carta dirigida a su amigo Gerlach, Bismarck exige una delimitación de las esferas de influencia en Alemania con una línea de demarcación geográfica o política. Bismarck también trabajó entre bastidores para romper el Consejo Continental de trabajo en el que Guillermo había puesto su corazón. [111] In March 1884, Bismarck declared: The real grievance of the worker is the insecurity of his existence; he is not sure that he will always have work, he is not sure that he will always be healthy, and he foresees that he will one day be old and unfit to work. I am holding two powerful heraldic beasts by their collars, and am keeping them apart for two reasons: first of all, lest they should tear one another to pieces; and secondly, lest they should come to an understanding at our expense." 40. Bismarck acted immediately to secure the unification of Germany. The Emperor of France, Napoleon III, had tried to gain territory for France (in Belgium and on the left bank of the Rhine) as a compensation for not joining the war against Prussia and was disappointed by the surprisingly quick outcome of the war. Despite these efforts, the socialist movement steadily gained supporters and seats in the Reichstag. This time, the state or province supervised the programs directly. Observers at the time and since have commented on Bismarck's skill as a writer. "[46] Yet he felt confident that the French army was not prepared to give battle to Germany's numerically larger forces: " If the French fight us alone they are lost." After working closely with liberals and fighting the Catholics, he switched and added the conservative Catholics to his base while opposing the liberals. 20. Para él, la política prusiana debía atender a criterios de pragmatismo político. "Land and Sea Power in the Second German Reich. Augusta would have none of it, and detested Bismarck thereafter,[19] despite the fact that he later helped restore a working relationship between Wilhelm and his brother the King. Mientras en la época de la revolución Bismarck recalcaba su acentuado prusianismo, ahora, en sus formulaciones, se identifican el interés de Alemania y el de Prusia. [144], Bismarck was a conservative or "white revolutionary". From 1832 to 1833, he studied law at the University of Göttingen, where he was a member of the Corps Hannovera, and then enrolled at the University of Berlin (1833–35). The negotiations succeeded; patriotic sentiment overwhelmed what opposition remained. ... With perfect justice, in August 1866, he punched his fist on his desk and cried "I have beaten them all! Mommsen, Wilhelm, “El Landtag unificado”..., pág. [139], Historians have reached a broad consensus on the content, function and importance of the image of Bismarck within Germany's political culture over the past 125 years. [23] The years on his estate turned out to be formative, and his letters from that period are wonderful. Fragmento de un poema de Otto von Bismarck. El éxito de la espinosa cuestión de Schleswig y Holstein en 1864 pareció convencer a la mayoría de que el gabinete Bismarck estaba lejos de ser un mero episodio. The Kulturkampf and its effects had also stirred up public opinion against the party that supported it, and Bismarck used this opportunity to distance himself from the National Liberals. [145][146] However, Henry Kissinger notes the dangers of this legacy for Germany in the 20th century. La única base sana de un gran Estado —que marca demás diferencias esenciales con los estados menores— es el egoísmo estatal y no el romanticismo; no es, por tanto, digno de un Estado poderoso luchar por una causa distinta a sus propios intereses. 31. That marked a rapid decline in the support of the National Liberals, and by 1879 their close ties with Bismarck had all but ended. As Henry Kissinger has noted, "The man of 'blood and iron' wrote prose of extraordinary directness and lucidity, comparable in distinctiveness to Churchill's use of the English language."[150]. ", Henrik Bering states, "historians tended to portray Bismarck as embodying the essence of a visionary and responsible statesmanship." En ella Bismarck hablaba con toda franqueza de su evolución religiosa, limitándose así a cuestiones ya sabidas por su futuro suegro, quien seguramente debía albergar ciertos reparos sobre la vida anterior de Bismarck. He also wanted to undercut the anti-colonial liberals who were sponsored by the Crown Prince, who—given Wilhelm I's old age—might soon become emperor and remove Bismarck. 39-41, Véase Mommsen, Wilhelm, “Embajador en Frankfurt, San Petersburgo y París”..., pág. [137] In the memoirs Bismarck continued his feud with Wilhelm II by attacking him, and by increasing the drama around every event and by often presenting himself in a favorable light. A leading diplomatic historian of the era, William L. Langer sums up Bismarck's two decades as Chancellor: Whatever else may be said of the intricate alliance system evolved by the German Chancellor, it must be admitted that it worked and that it tided Europe over a period of several critical years without a rupture.... there was, as Bismarck himself said, a premium upon the maintenance of peace. A este respecto, Bismarck defendió, el 3 de diciembre de 1850, el tratado preliminar de Olmütz (firmado el mes anterior),[46] por el cual Prusia renunciaba a su política de unificación y llegaba a un acuerdo con Austria, cediendo a las presiones de Rusia. Many translated example sentences containing "Reichskanzler Otto von Bismarck" – English-German dictionary and search engine for English translations. The King and his generals wanted to push onward, conquer Bohemia and march to Vienna, but Bismarck, worried that Prussian military luck might change or that France might intervene on Austria's side, enlisted the help of Crown Prince Frederick Wilhelm, who had opposed the war but had commanded one of the Prussian armies at Königgrätz, to dissuade his father after stormy arguments. [3] En 1862, tras ser nombrado primer ministro de Prusia, emprendió una importante reforma militar que le permitió disponer de un poderoso ejército para llevar a cabo sus planes de unificación alemana.