Initially, the missionaries hoped to create a large body of Amerindian priests, but this did not come to be. Die drei großen Weltreligionen entstanden alle im sogenannten „Vorderen Orient“ – das entspricht in etwa der Region, die wir heute als „Naher Osten“ bezeichnen. [46] The indigo industry in particular also helped to temporarily unite communities throughout the Kingdom of Guatemala due to the smuggling.[46]. Both sides sought to define a northern boundary for New Spain. Der nachfolgende Text ist das eigentliche Dokument, welches Anfang Mrz 2000 von www.welt.de als Worddatei heruntergeladen werden konnte. [114] The credit-based employment system often privileged those holding higher ranked positions on the estate (supervisors, craftsmen, other specialists) who were mostly white, and the estates did not demand repayment. 300-301. Der Katholizismus ist die vorherrschende Religion und die größte christliche Konfession, mit Schätzungen von etwa 80,6% der Bevölkerung, die zu diesem Glauben auf den Philippinen gehören. Juli eine klare, unwiderlegliche Bestätigung ihrer Auffassung, derzufolge das faschistische Regime in Deutschland und anderswo die Diktatur der faschistischen Partei und ihres Führers über … The method used to "occupy and fortify" was the established Spanish colonial system: missions (misiones, between 1769 and 1833 twenty-one missions were established) aimed at converting the Native Californians to Christianity, forts (presidios, four total) to protect the missionaries, and secular municipalities (pueblos, three total). Die Republik Korea (koreanisch: 대한민국, Hanja: 大韓民國, IPA [ˈtɛ̝ːɦa̠nminɡuk̚], revidierte Romanisierung: Daehan Minguk, McCune-Reischauer: Taehan Min’guk), meist Südkorea genannt, liegt in Ostasien und nimmt den südlichen Teil der Koreanischen Halbinsel ein. The Cortés haciendas in Tehuantepec were key components of the province's economy, and they were directly linked to other Marquesado enterprises in greater Mexico in an integrated fashion. Labor for the mines in the north of Mexico had a workforce of black slave labor and indigenous wage labor, not draft labor. In 1776 the Province came under the new Provincias Internas jurisdiction. Mexico City dominated the Valley of Mexico, but the valley continued to have dense indigenous populations challenged by growing, increasingly dense Spanish settlement. In 1782, forces under Galvez's overall command captured the British naval base at Nassau on New Providence Island in the Bahamas. Galvez was angry that the operation had proceeded against his orders to cancel, and ordered the arrest and imprisonment of Francisco de Miranda, aide-de-camp of Juan Manuel Cajigal, the commander of the expedition. There was a high court Audiencia in the Kingdom of Guatemala. The Captaincy Generals were the second-level administrative divisions and these were relatively autonomous. Alexander von Humboldt called this area "Mesa de Anahuac", which can be defined as the adjacent valleys of Puebla, Mexico, and Toluca, enclosed by high mountains, along with their connections to the Gulf Coast port of Veracruz and the Pacific port of Acapulco, where over half the population of New Spain lived. [96], Administratively Puebla was far enough away from Mexico City (approximately 160 km or 100 mi) so as not to be under its direct influence. Einleitend in das vorliegende religionssoziologische Sonderheft zeichnen wir die institutionelle und intellektuelle Entwicklung der deutschsprachigen Religionssoziologie seit der Nachkriegszeit nach und erläutern … From diverse cultural backgrounds and with no sustaining indigenous communities, these indios were quickly hispanized, but largely remained at the bottom of the economic hierarchy. Generally Zapotec elites protected their communities from Spanish incursions and community cohesion remained strong as shown in members' performance of regular community service for social ends. Regional characteristics of colonial Mexico have been the focus of considerable study within the vast scholarship on centers and peripheries. These hopes ended when Spain was pressured into signing Pinckney's Treaty in 1795. The indigo industry thrived, since there was high demand in Europe for a high quality, color-fast blue dye. Spanish settlers expanded to Nuevo Mexico, and the major settlement of Santa Fe was founded in 1610. Islam, Judentum und Christentum sind die vorherrschenden Religionen im Orient und haben eine gemeinsame Heimat. [45] Indigenous who were drawn to the mining areas were from different regions of the center of Mexico, with a few from the north itself. [Note 3], The most important commodity for Oaxaca was cochineal red dye. In Yucatán, Spanish rule was largely indirect, allowing these communities considerable political and cultural autonomy. Kultur und Religion. Significant regional development grew along the main transportation route from the capital east to the port of Veracruz. The Spanish crown had engaged with Britain for a number of years in low-intensity warfare, with ports and trade routes harassed by English privateers. The United States bought the territory from France in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. The Bajío, a rich, fertile lowland just north of central Mexico, was nonetheless a frontier region between the densely populated plateaus and valleys of Mexico's center and south and the harsh northern desert controlled by nomadic Chichimeca. Central America was originally planned to be part of the Mexican Empire; but it seceded peacefully in 1823, forming the United Provinces of Central America under the Constitution of 1824. Translator. Since Tehuantepec experienced significant indigenous population loss in the sixteenth century conforming to the general pattern, ranching made possible for Spaniards to thrive in Tehuantepec because ranching was not dependent on significant amounts of indigenous labor. In the Philippines Manila near the South China Sea was the main port. Wie wir später im einzelnen sehen werden, gehörten die Intellektuellen, die sich mit den Übersetzungen und der Weiterentwicklung von Mathematik und Naturforschung befaßten, vielen Glaubensrichtungen an. Orizaba varied considerably in elevation from 800 metres (2,600 ft) to 5,700 metres (18,700 ft) (the summit of the Citlaltepetl volcano), but "most of the inhabited part is temperate. Würzburg: Königshausen und Neumann. Royalist military officer Agustín de Iturbide proposed uniting with the insurgents with whom he had battled, and gained the alliance of Vicente Guerrero, leader of the insurgents in a region now bearing his name, a region that was populated by immigrants from Africa and the Philippines,[57][58] crucial among which was the Filipino-Mexican General Isidoro Montes de Oca who impressed Criollo Royalist Itubide into joining forces with Vicente Guerrero by Isidoro Montes De Oca defeating royalist forces three times larger than his, in the name of his leader, Vicente Guerrero. For the indigenous in Oaxaca, cochineal was the only one "with which the [tributaries] maintain themselves and pay their debts" but it also had other advantages for them. The northern area of Mexico, a region of nomadic and semi-nomadic indigenous populations, was not generally conducive to dense settlements, but the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the 1540s drew settlement there to exploit the mines. Andrés de Urdaneta discovered an efficient sailing route from the Philippine Islands to Mexico which took advantage of the Kuroshio Current. While different intendencies would perform censuses to get a detailed insight in regards to its inhabitants (namely occupation, number of persons per household, ethnicity etc. In 1786 it became the capital of an intendancy of the same name. [128] New Spain's Visitador General José de Gálvez replaced them with the Dominican Order in Baja California, and the Franciscans were chosen to establish new northern missions in Alta (upper) California. Spaniards with any ambition or connections would be lured by the closeness of Mexico City, so that the Spanish presence was minimal and marginal. The at times, non-profitable war-torn Philippine colony survived on an annual subsidy paid by the Spanish Crown and often procured from taxes and profits accumulated by the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico) mainly paid by annually sending 75 tons of precious Silver Bullion[37] gathered from and mined from Potosi, Bolivia where hundreds of thousands of Incan lives were regularly lost while being enslaved to the Mit'a system. Founded in 1531 as a Spanish settlement, Puebla de los Angeles quickly rose to the status of Mexico's second-most important city. In 1787 during the Bourbon Reforms Veracruz became an intendancy, a new administrative unit. Cattle ranching for meat, tallow, and leather were also important. von Michael Pröbsting Vorwort der Redaktion: Im Folgenden veröffentlichen wir ein Essay von Michael Pröbsting über die Entwicklung des Kapitalismus in Südkorea und Taiwan. UR - http://www.fischerverlage.de/buch/saekularisierung_und_die_weltreligionen/9783596176472, BT - Säkularisierung und die Weltreligionen. Even in the modern era, "Mexico" for many refers solely to Mexico City, with the pejorative view of anywhere but the capital is a hopeless backwater. [98] Puebla's wheat production was the initial element of its prosperity, but it emerged as a manufacturing and commercial center, "serving as the inland port of Mexico's Atlantic trade. [44] In 1704 viceroy Francisco Fernández de la Cueva suppressed a rebellion of Pima Indians in Nueva Vizcaya. For over three centuries the Spanish Navy escorted the galleon convoys that sailed around the world. From September 1779 to May 1781, Bernardo de Galvez led an army in a campaign along the Gulf Coast against the British. However important the Marquesado and the Dominican enterprises were, there were also other economic players in the region, including individual Spaniards as well as existing indigenous communities. Cleveland, Ohio. Another activist viceroy carrying out reforms was Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa, marqués de Valleheroso y conde de Jerena, who served from 1771 to 1779, and died in office. In the region, cultivation and processing was done by indigenous workers, but the owners of plantations, añileros, were Spanish. Zoque response was to take up being vaqueros themselves. Die islamischen Gemeindegründungen in Europa haben ihre Wurzeln in der osmanischen Eroberung Südosteuropas im 14.–16. In 1789, a naval outpost called Santa Cruz de Nuca (or just Nuca) was established at Friendly Cove in Nootka Sound (now Yuquot), Vancouver Island. It brings together a wide range of scholarly fields and disciplines, ranging from historical to contemporary research, from linguistics to economics, from religious studies to sociology and political science. "The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America", Other British colonial entities in the contemporary, Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States, This page was last edited on 27 March 2021, at 15:55. A merchant group developed and expanded dramatically as trade flourished during the seventeenth century. [108], Tlaxcala, the major ally of the Spanish against the Aztecs of Tenochtitlan, also became something of a backwater, but like Puebla it did not come under the control of Spanish encomenderos. Architects Pedro Martínez Vázquez and Lorenzo Rodriguez produced some fantastically extravagant and visually frenetic architecture known as Mexican Churrigueresque in the capital, Ocotlan, Puebla or remote silver-mining towns. Most of the Hong Kong people of Chinese descent practice Chinese folk religion —which may include Confucian and Taoist doctrines and ritual traditions—or Buddhism, mostly of the Chinese variety.. West of Mexico City the settlement of Valladolid (Michoacan) was founded (1529–41). The establishment of religious missions and military presidios on the northern frontier became the nucleus of Spanish settlement and the founding of Spanish towns. In 1766, the crown appointed Carlos Francisco de Croix, marqués de Croix as viceroy of New Spain. [82] Many Spanish merchants preferred living in the pleasant highland town of Jalapa (1,500 m). The Spanish crown finally decided that road improvement was in the interests of the state for military purposes, as well as for fomenting commerce, agriculture, and industry, but the lack of state involvement in the development of physical infrastructure was to have lasting effects constraining development until the late nineteenth century. 27. [83] Spaniards also settled in the temperate area of Orizaba, east of the Citlaltepetl volcano. Mark A. Burkholder (2016) "Spain’s America: from kingdoms to colonies,", Howard F. Cline, "The Relaciones Geográficas of the Spanish Indies, 1577–1586. ISBN 3884792237 9783884792230 [135] There was an important sector of mixed-race "castas", some of whom were fully at home in both the indigenous and Hispanic worlds. In the process many artifacts of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican culture were destroyed. [88] The crown calculated that tobacco could produce a steady stream of tax revenues by supplying the huge Mexican demand, so the crown limited zones of tobacco cultivation. Auch wenn es nie zur dominanten Religion in Zentral- und Ostasien wurde, nutzte man die Seidenstraße, um bis an die chinesische Grenze vorzustoßen. "[I]n Yucatán the cofradía in its modified form was the community. Rancho activities centered on cattle-raising; many grantees emulated the Dons of Spain, with cattle, horses and sheep the source of wealth. SHIJIE ZONGJIAO YANJIUSUO DAOJIAO YANJIUSHI [Research Institute on World Religions - Research Group on Taoism], ed. The unrest led to the Pueblo Revolt in 1680, forcing the Spanish to retreat to Paso del Norte (modern-day Ciudad Juárez.) The Zapotecs concluded an alliance with the Spaniards at contact, and they had already expanded their territory into Zoque and Huave regions. Composers including Manuel de Zumaya, Juan Gutiérrez de Padilla, and Antonio de Salazar were active from the early 1500s through the Baroque period of music. Accordingly, he resigned as governor in 1607 and left New Mexico, having spent much of his personal wealth on the enterprise. These included on the North American mainland, central Mexico, Nueva Extremadura, Nueva Galicia, the Californias, Nueva Vizcaya, Nuevo Reyno de León, Texas and Nuevo Santander, as well as the Captaincy General of Guatemala. Although obrajes in Brihuega were small-scale enterprises, quite a number of them in Puebla employed up to 100 workers. [172][173] Almost a century after the aforementioned census was made, Mexico's government has begun to conduct ethno-racial surveys again, with its results suggesting that the population growth trends for each major ethnic group haven't changed significantly since the 1793 census was taken. ), it was until 1793 that the results of the first ever national census would be published. Transatlantic ties between a particular Spanish town, Brihuega, and Puebla demonstrate the close connection between the two settlements. [155], Not well documented is the number of African slaves and their descendants, who were artisans in urban areas and did hard manual labor in rural areas. Christianisierung (von kirchenlateinisch: christianizare) bezeichnet die Ausbreitung des Christentums als vorherrschende Religion in zuvor mehrheitlich nicht christlich geprägten Regionen oder Ländern. ~Garcia de los Arcos, Forzados, 238. It fell on hard times in the colonial period as an economic backwater. The Philippine islands, 1493–1803 : explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century. Every privilege and position, economic political, or religious came from him. Access East Asia and Pacific's economy facts, statistics, project information, development research from experts and latest news. There were at least three separate, major epidemics that decimated the population: smallpox (1520 to 1521), measles (1545 to 1548) and typhus (1576 to 1581). "[99] Economically, the city received exemptions from the alcabala (sales tax) and almojarifazgo (import/export duties) for its first century (1531–1630), which helped promote commerce. In turn, many of the intendancy boundaries became Mexican state boundaries after independence. ~CSIC riel 208 leg.14, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDolan1991 (, The Diversity and Reach of the Manila Slave Market Page 36, "The descendants of Mexican mestizos and native Filipinos were numerous but unaccounted for because they were mostly the result of informal liasons." The crown strengthened the defenses of Veracruz and San Juan de Ulúa, Jamaica, Cuba, and Florida, but the British sacked ports in the late seventeenth century. Weiter südlich backpacked man durch muslimisch geprägte Länder. Davon haben 26 Länder als vorherrschende Religion das Christentum, eines den jüdischen Glauben, drei stehen in der Tradition konfuzianischen Denkens. The collapse of the Republic of France busted the "Great War boom", and accelerated economic deterioration. Because the Roman Catholic Church had played such an important role in the Reconquista (Christian reconquest) of the Iberian peninsula from the Moors, the Church in essence became another arm of the Spanish government. [81], The Caribbean port of Veracruz was small, with its hot, pestilential climate not a draw for permanent settlers: its population never topped 10,000. Moreover, efforts were made to keep the Amerindian cultural aspects that did not violate the Catholic traditions. Baskes suggests the crown restricted its production to Oaxaca until 1819, which likely contributed to artificially high prices. [95], The foundation of the town of Puebla was a pragmatic social experiment to settle Spanish immigrants without encomiendas to pursue farming and industry. ↩ Heilsfähigkeit bezeichnet die Fähigkeit bzw. [119][120][121][122] During the period of Spanish rule, this area was sparsely populated even by indigenous peoples.[123]. [114], Areas of northern Mexico were incorporated into the United States in the mid-nineteenth century, following Texas independence and the Mexican–American War (1846–48) and generally known as the "Spanish Borderlands. Audiencia districts further incorporated the older, smaller divisions known as governorates (gobernaciones, roughly equivalent to provinces), which had been originally established by conquistador-governors known as adelantados. It was abandoned, partially finished, in 1792. The motor of the Spanish colonial economy was the extraction of silver. Several cities and towns in the Philippines were founded as Presidios commanded by Spanish officers and staffed by Mexican and Peruvian soldiers who were mostly forcefully conscripted vagrants, estranged teenagers, petty criminals, rebels or political exiles at Mexico and Peru and where thus a rebellious element among the Spanish colonial apparatus in the Philippines.[30]. In the economic sphere, unlike many other regions and ethnic groups in Mesoamerica, the Yucatec Maya did not have a pre-conquest network of regular markets to exchange different types of food and craft goods. Blair, E., Robertson, J., & Bourne, E. (1903). On the mainland, the administrative units included Las Californias, that is, the Baja California peninsula, still part of Mexico and divided into Baja California and Baja California Sur; Alta California (present-day Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, western Colorado, and southern Wyoming); (from the 1760s) Louisiana (including the western Mississippi River basin and the Missouri River basin); Nueva Extremadura (the present-day states of Coahuila and Texas); and Santa Fe de Nuevo México (parts of Texas and New Mexico).[8].