[23] Lacombe, Léon and Theroigne de Mericourt had spoken at women's and mixed clubs, and the Assemblée, while Gouges had shown a reluctance to engage in public speaking, but prolifically published pamphlets. Only one whom chance had elevated to an eminent position can assume the task of lending weight to the progress of the Rights of Woman and of hastening its success. However, it was rumored that de Gouges's mother, who reportedly was a beautiful women … With the support of Rozières she established a theatre company. On 3 November 1793 the Revolutionary Tribunal sentenced her to death and she was executed for seditious behavior and attempting to reinstate the monarchy. September 1791 An die Königin Die Rechte der Frau Erklärung der Rechte der Frau und Bürgerin – Präambel – Artikel 1 bis 17 – Postambel Muster eines Gesellschaftsvertrages von Mann und Frau Anekdote Postskriptum Olympe de Gouges (rozená Marie Gouze, 7. května 1748 Montabaun– 3. listopadu 1793 Paříž) byla francouzská dramatička a spisovatelka s feministickým a demokratickým smýšlením. [20] Olympe's last moments were depicted by an anonymous Parisian who kept a chronicle of events: "Yesterday, at seven o'clock in the evening, a most extraordinary person called Olympe de Gouges who held the imposing title of woman of letters, was taken to the scaffold, while all of Paris, while admiring her beauty, knew that she didn't even know her alphabet.... She approached the scaffold with a calm and serene expression on her face, and forced the guillotine's furies, which had driven her to this place of torture, to admit that such courage and beauty had never been seen before.... That woman... had thrown herself in the Revolution, body and soul. At the 15 November 1793 meeting of the Commune, Pierre Gaspard Chaumette cautioned a group of women wearing Phrygian bonnets, reminding them of "the impudent Olympe de Gouges, who was the first woman to start up women's political clubs, who abandoned the cares of her home, to meddle in the affairs of the Republic, and whose head fell under avenging blade of the law". Olympe de Gouges, pseudónimo de Marie Gouze, nada en Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne) o 7 de maio de 1748 e finada en París o 3 de novembro de 1793, foi unha escritora e abolicionista francesa, coñecida polas súas dúas obras máis famosas: A escravitude dos negros (1786) e a Declaración dos dereitos da muller e da cidadá (). Schreiben im Sinne der Aufklärung Olympe de Gouges nahm sie als Künstlernamen an. She continued to publish political essays between 1788 and 1791. In Paris Gouges was accused by the mayor of Paris of having incited the insurrection in Saint-Domingue with the play. Mai 1748 in Montauban; † 3. Olympe de Gouges wurde als Marie Gouze am 07.05.1748 in Montauban, Südfrankreich, geboren. Details are limited. [42], In November 1788 she published her first political brochure, a manifesto entitled Letter to the people, or project for a patriotic fund. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. On 2 June 1793, the Jacobins of the Montagnard faction arrested prominent Girondins, imprisoned them, and sent them to the guillotine in October. In the first act (only the first act and a half remain), Marie-Antoinette is planning defense strategies to retain the crumbling monarchy and is confronted by revolutionary forces, including Gouges herself. At the same time, she began writing political pamphlets. Sie muss sich ständig gegen Verleumdungen wehren und erlebt, wie ihre Stücke und Beiträge abgelehnt werden – und andere sich ihre Ideen zu eigen machen. The People will one day burst their chains and will claim all its rights under Natural law. De Gouges' Sterbeort … These citizens had the right to vote. [5] She came to the public's attention with the play l'Esclavage des Noirs, which was staged at the famous Comédie-Française in 1785. [35] He tried to change her name in the records, to Marie Aubry, but the name she had given herself has endured. Olympe de Gouges verfasste in der Zeit von ca. Thou hast need of a bath... thy death will claim things, and as for myself, the sacrifice of a pure life will disarm the heavens. It was only in October 1792 that the Convention decreed the use of citoyenne to replace Madame and Mademoiselle. "[21], Her execution was used as a warning to other politically active women. Politically, Olympe de Gouges supported King Louis XVI, during his trial. But having quickly perceived how atrocious the system adopted by the Jacobins was, she chose to retrace her steps. It was there that the commissioners found an unfinished play titled La France Sauvée ou le Tyran Détroné ("France Preserved, or The Tyrant Dethroned"). However, her remains—like those of the other victims of the Reign of Terror—have been lost through burial in communal graves, so any reburial (like that of Marquis de Condorcet) would be only ceremonial. [25], 1793 has been described as a watershed for the construction of women's place in revolutionary France, and the deconstruction of the Girondins' Marianne. [2] Gouges was also attacked by those who thought that a woman's proper place was not in the theatre. She is honoured in many street names across France, in the Salle Olympe de Gouges exhibition hall in rue Merlin, Paris, and the Parc Olympe de Gouges in Annemasse. Citizens were defined as men over 25, were "independent" and had paid the poll tax. It seems as though the judge based this argument on Gouges' tendency to represent herself in her writings. Her body was disposed of in the Madeleine Cemetery. Sie ist die Verfasserin der Erklärung der Rechte der Frau und Bürgerin von 1791. Sie war eine der jüngeren Töchter des kleinbürgerlichen Ehepaares Anne-Olympe und Pierre Gouze, ihr leiblicher Vater war jedoch vermutlich Jean-Jacques Le Franc de Pompignan. Bild »Christine de Pizan« [M]: PD — Zeichenerklärung: [M] bearbeitet — Lizenztexte: CC BY-SA 3.0 — Infos zu Bildmaterial und Lizenzen auf geboren.am ›. She drew a parallel between colonial slavery and political oppression in France. One of the slave protagonist explains that the French must gain their own freedom, before they can deal with slavery. Gouges took to the street, and on behalf of the French people proclaimed "Let us plunge into the Seine! The influential Abraham-Joseph Bénard remarked "Mme de Gouges is one of those women to whom one feels like giving razor blades as a present, who through their pretensions lose the charming qualities of their sex... Every woman author is in a false position, regardless of her talent". Olympe de Gouges, ursprungligen Marie Gouze, född 7 maj 1748 i Montauban, död genom avrättning 3 november 1793, var en fransk revolutionär. Marie Gouze nació en el pueblo de Montauban el 7 de mayo de 1748. [16], She spent three months in jail without an attorney, trying to defend herself. She expresses faith in the Estates General and in reference to the estates of the realm, that the people of France (Third Estate) would be able to ensure harmony between the three estates, that is clergy, nobility and the people. The experience of French women during the revolution entered the collective consciousness. She was declared the daughter of Pierre Gouze, bourgeois of Montauban, master butcher - he did not sign at the baptism because he was absent - and of Anne Olympe Mouisset, daughter of a lawyer from a family of merchants, married in 1737 The latter, born in 1712, was the goddaughter of the Marquis Jean-Jacques Lefranc de Pompignan (Anne's father had been Jean-Jacques' tutor), born in 1709, with whom she would have maintained a romantic relationship. Marie Gouze was born into a petit bourgeois family in 1748 in Montauban, Quercy (in the present-day department of Tarn-et-Garonne), in southwestern France. [30], American women began to refer to themselves as citess or citizeness and took to the streets to achieve equality and freedom. Olympe de Gouges (eigentlich Marie Gouze; * 7. [16] Through her friends, she managed to publish two texts: Olympe de Gouges au tribunal révolutionnaire ("Olympe de Gouges at the Revolutionary tribunal"), in which she related her interrogations; and her last work, Une patriote persécutée ("A [female] patriot persecuted"), in which she condemned the Terror. Leta 1791 je izdala eno njenih najodmevnejših del Deklaracijo o pravicah ženske in državljanke, v kateri je opozarjala na spolno neenakost v francoski družbi. Women were by definition not afforded any rights of active citizenship. Born Marie Gouze she first adopted the name Olympe de Gouges for her early plays. But the play closed after three performances; the lobby had paid hecklers to sabotage the performances.[6]. Olympe de Gouges - Lettre a Monseigneur le duc d'Orleans premier prince du sang, 1789.djvu 2,528 × 3,812, 8 pages; 434 KB Frequently these pamphlets were intended to stir up public anger. [43], Gouges wrote her famous Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen shortly after the French Constitution of 1791 was ratified by King Louis XVI, and dedicated it to his wife, Queen Marie Antoinette. Ihr Geburtsort ist Montauban nahe Toulose in Südfrankreich. Members sometimes gathered at the home of the well-known women's rights advocate, Sophie de Condorcet. Wikipedia: Olympe de Gouges in der freien Enzyklopädie, Infos zu Bildmaterial und Lizenzen auf geboren.am ›, Tod mit 45 Jahren am 3. She was possibly the illegitimate daughter of Jean-Jacques Le Franc de Caix (the Marquis de Pompignan), himself a man of letters and a playwright (among whose claims to fame in… Transaction Publ, 2006. Today she is perhaps best known as an early women's rights advocate who demanded that French women be given the same rights as French men. http://sonntagssoziologe.de Die Menschenrechte der Französischen Revolution galten ausschließlich für Männer. Sie ist die Verfasserin der Erklärung der Rechte der Frau und Bürgerin von 1791. While it was common in France to equate political oppression to slavery, this was an analogy and not an abolitionist sentiment. The prosecutor claimed that Gouges' depictions of the queen threatened to stir up sympathy and support for the Royalists, whereas Gouges stated that the play showed that she had always been a supporter of the Revolution. They never forgave her, and she paid for her carelessness with her head. Under the specious mask of republicanism, her enemies have brought me remorselessly to the scaffold."[18]. Ihre politischen Überlegungen sind von den sich überstürzenden Veränderungen der frühen Französischen Revolution geprägt, erweisen sich jedoch über den historischen Kontext hinausgehend von Bedeutung. Republicans discussed civic virtue in terms of patriotic manliness (la vertu mâle et répub-licaine). 1783-1793 Theaterstücke, Romane und politische Schriften, die die politische Umsetzung der Aufklärung veranschaulichen. Gouges, Olympe de: Die Rechte der Frau und andere Schriften./ Les droits de la femme. Her proposition for a political order remained largely unchanged. [19] Olympe was executed only a month after Condorcet had been proscribed, and just three days after the Girondin leaders had been guillotined. Explore {{searchView.params.phrase}} by color family {{familyColorButtonText(colorFamily.name)}} Engraved portrait of French feminist and revolutionary Olympe de Gouges . In 1791 Gouges became part of the Society of the Friends of Truth, also called the "Social Club," an association with the goal of equal political and legal rights for women. Sie kann als eine der ersten Frauenrechtlerinnen bezeichnet werden. As political tension rose in France, Olympe de Gouges became increasingly politically engaged. She usually was invited to the salons of Madame de Montesson and the Comtesse de Beauharnais, who also were playwrights. Her 1788 pamphlet Reflections on blacks and the play l'Esclavage des Noirs on the slave trade made her, alongside Marquis de Condorcet, one of France's earliest public opponents of slavery. As a woman from the province and of lowly birth she fashioned herself to fit in with the Paris establishment. Olympe de Gouges, psewdonimu ta' Marie Gouze, (Montauban, 7 ta' Mejju 1748 – Pariġi, 3 ta' Novembru 1793), kienet drammaturga Franċiża li għexet matul ir-Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża.Il-kitba femminista u abolizzjonista tagħha kellha influwenza kbira. Zitiert nach: Olympe de Gouges, Schriften, Frankfurt 1980, S. 41ff, übersetzt von Monika Dillier. She was an advocate for abolishing slaves in the colonies, but is best known for her work as an early feminist writer. A partir de 1770 Olympe se mudó a París, con la principal intención de que su hijo obtuviera educación de calidad. Olympe de Gouges (born Marie Gouze; May 7, 1748–November 3, 1793) was a French writer and activist who promoted women's rights and the abolition of slavery. [4] For Gouges there was a direct link between the autocratic monarchy in France and the institution of slavery, she argued that "Men everywhere are equal… Kings who are just do not want slaves; they know that they have submissive subjects". Gouges said in a semi-autobiographical novel (Mémoire de Madame de Valmont contre la famille de Flaucourt), "I was married to a man I did not love and who was neither rich nor well-born. [15], After her arrest, the commissioners searched her house for evidence. "[48], Public letters, or pamphlets, were the primary means for the working class and women writers to engage in the public debate of revolutionary France. Gouges was defiant, she wrote "I'm determined to be a success, and I'll do it in spite of my enemies." While politically active women were executed the Convention banned all women's political associations. [27], Gouges' Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen had been widely reproduced and influenced the writings of women's advocates in the Atlantic world. Olympe de Gouges, geboren 1748, war eine französische Revolutionärin und Frauenrechtlerin. Across the Atlantic world observers of the French Revolution were shocked, but the ideals of liberté, égalité, fraternité had taken a life of their own. The new Républicaine was the republican mother that nurtured the new citizen. [38] Gouges signed her public letters with citoyenne, the feminised version of citizen. A Biography of Olympe de Gouges. At the end of the 18th century influential political actors such as Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord and Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès were not convinced of the case for equality. Both Gouges and her prosecutor used this play as evidence in her trial. The facts about her true parentage are somewhat vague, and de Gouges herself contributed to the confusion by encouraging rumors about her illegitimacy. Sie schrieb vor allem Theaterstücke. [1] Her mother afforded her a bourgeois education. Her stance against the slavery in the French colonies made her the target of threats. In 1791, in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, she wrote the Déclaration des droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne ("Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen"). [7], In 1790 and 1791, in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti), free people of colour and African slaves revolted in response to the ideals expressed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. In language and practice this was a debate among men and about men. She became an outspoken advocate against the slave trade in the French colonies in 1788. [39], Gouges penned more than 30 plays, often with a socially critical theme. As a playwright she charged into the contemporary political controversies and she was often in the vanguard. Why Famous: Beginning her career as a playwright in pre-revolutionary France, Gouges became politically active after the outbreak of revolution in 1789. In other writings she attacked slavery and the death penalty, and argued in favour of divorce. [29] Writings on women and their lack of rights became widely available. Olympe de Gouges was a French playwright and political activist whose writings on women's rights and abolitionism reached a large audience in various countries. This posthumous characterisation of Gouges by the political establishment was misleading, as Gouges had no role in founding the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women. It has been suggested that she adopted this notion from Rousseau's letter To the Republic of Geneva, where he speaks directly to two types of Genevans: the "dear fellow citizens" or his "brothers", and the aimables et virtueeses Citoyenne, that is the women citizens. The presiding judge denied Gouges her legal right to a lawyer on the grounds that she was more than capable of representing herself. Like men who could not pay the poll tax, children, domestic servants, rural day-laborers and slaves, Jews, actors and hangmen, women had no political rights. Such as Cry of the wise man, by a woman in response to Louis XVI calling together the Estates-General. [citation needed], In 1788 she published Réflexions sur les hommes nègres, which demanded compassion for the plight of slaves in the French colonies. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. Olympe de Gouges wrote her famous " Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen " shortly after the French constitution of 1791 was created in the same year. It is commonly believed that she was born and raised in a modest family, the daughter of Pierre Gouze, a butcher, and Anne Olympe Moisset, a maidservant. [14], As the Revolution progressed, she became more and more vehement in her writings. "[3] Her husband died a year later, and in 1770 she moved to Paris with her son to live with her sister. In her open letter to Marie-Antoinette, Gouges declared: "I could never convince myself that a princess, raised in the midst of grandeur, had all the vices of baseness... Madame, may a nobler function characterize you, excite your ambition, and fix your attention. November 1793 in Paris) war eine Revolutionärin, Frauenrechtlerin, Schriftstellerin und Autorin von Theaterstücken und Romanen im Zeitalter der Aufklärung. [2] Gouges attended the artistic and philosophical salons of Paris, where she met many writers, including La Harpe, Mercier, and Chamfort, as well as future politicians such as Brissot and Condorcet. [36] Although she was a celebrity in her lifetime and a prolific author, Gouges became largely forgotten, but then rediscovered through a political biography by Olivier Blanc in the mid 1980s.[37].