What Was The Mau Mau Uprising? [C] By the end of World War I, squatters had become well established on European farms and plantations in Kenya, with Kikuyu squatters comprising the majority of agricultural workers on settler plantations. B Between 1895 and 1920, Kenya was formally known as British East Africa Protectorate; between 1920 and 1963, as Kenya Colony and Protectorate. Dieser Pinnwand folgen 122 Nutzer auf Pinterest. At once, the room erupted in cheers. [51] By the 1930s, and for the Kikuyu in particular, land had become the number one grievance concerning colonial rule,[49] the situation so acute by 1948 that 1,250,000 Kikuyu had ownership of 2,000 square miles (5,200 km2), while 30,000 British settlers owned 12,000 square miles (31,000 km2), albeit most of it not on traditional Kikuyu land. Unlike the rather indiscriminate activities of British ground forces, the use of air power was more restrained (though there is disagreement[156] on this point), and air attacks were initially permitted only in the forests. BIBLIOGRAPHY. [28], Eine dieser Gangs war die Anake a forti, zum großen Teil aus Veteranen des Zweiten Weltkrieges bestehend. [284][285], On 6 June 2013, the foreign secretary, William Hague, told parliament that the UK government had reached a settlement with the claimants. searching of huts and screening of Africans", and British soldiers arrested and transferred Mau Mau suspects to camps where they were beaten and tortured until they confessed. Die Briten reagierten mit Angriffen auf Rebellenverstecke und Umsiedlungsaktionen, die den Rückhalt der Bewegung zerstören sollten. [61] Nachfolgende Arbeiten hielten zum großen Teil die marxistische Perspektive, die sie in Theorien von Revolution und kollektivem Widerstand einbetteten. The East African country of Kenya was settled by Europeans at the start of the twentieth century. The Lari massacre was by comparison rather outstanding and in contrast to regular Mau Mau strikes which more often than not targeted only loyalists without such massive civilian casualties. Damit verhärteten sich die Fronten, die Mau-Mau kämpften mit zunehmender Härte um ihre Anhänger.[37]. D During the Emergency, screening was the term used by colonial authorities to mean the interrogation of a Mau Mau suspect. [55] In terms of lost acreage, the Masai and Nandi people were the biggest losers of land. The Mau Mau fighters were mainly drawn from Kenya's major ethnic grouping, the Kikuyu. . ...the insurgents' lack of heavy weaponry and the heavily entrenched police and Home Guard positions meant that Mau Mau attacks were restricted to nighttime and where loyalist positions were weak. Sicher ist jedoch, dass zu Beginn des Jahres 1950 die Mehrzahl der alten Mitglieder des Kiambaa Parliaments die Treffen kaum noch besuchten, wie etwa Kenyatta, oder nur noch als Zuschauer anwesend waren. Die Liste von Konflikten in Afrika enthält eine Übersicht über Kriege und Aufstände in Afrika.. Liste. The people executed belonged to the Kikuyu Home Guard — a loyalist militia recruited by the British to fight the guerrillas. [136] The primary zones of Mau Mau military strength were the Aberdares and the forests around Mount Kenya, whilst a passive support-wing was fostered outside these areas. Sie kehrten mit einem neuen nationalen Selbstbewusstsein zurück, das in der Begegnung mit Menschen aus anderen britischen Kolonien, besonders aus Indien, bestätigt und gestärkt worden war. Basically you could get away with murder. Im Februar 1950 fasste das Kiambaa Parliament, bestehend aus alten und neuen, jungen Mitgliedern der Muhimu, den Entschluss, Waffen zu sammeln, und diskutierte darüber, eine Serie von Anschlägen auf wichtige Persönlichkeiten zu verüben. "[111] As the Mau Mau rebellion wore on, the violence forced the spectrum of opinion within the Kikuyu, Embu and Meru to polarise and harden into the two distinct camps of loyalist and Mau Mau. Er war in den 1920er Jahren der redegewaltige Vorsitzende der KCA gewesen, war als Herausgeber und Autor einer kikuyusprachigen Zeitung bekannt geworden und hatte als Vertreter der KCA mit der Kolonialmacht in der Landkommission über die Rückgabe von enteignetem Land verhandelt. Croatian Translation for Mau Mau Krieg - dict.cc English-Croatian Dictionary [62] Sie deuteten Mau-Mau als Generationskonflikt[63], als tribale Bewegung[64] oder als Höhepunkt des organisierten antikolonialen, nationalistischen Widerstands in Kenia. Tatsächlich sprach sich Kenyatta zwischen 1951 und 1952 mehrmals öffentlich gegen die wachsende Gewalt der seiner Ansicht nach undisziplinierten und unkontrollierten jungen Gangs aus. The book and the adapted film The Cross and the Switchblade and biography Run Baby Run document the life of its most famous leader Nicky Cruz. Die Zwangsarbeiten ließen wenig Zeit für notwendige Arbeiten auf den eigenen Feldern, andere Maßnahmen wie Impfverordnungen für Rinder und Ziegen waren teuer und ruinierten die bereits verarmten Landwirte. He has admitted taking the Mau Mau oath and said that all he did was to ferry food to the fighters in the forest. Larger detention camps were divided into compounds. "[139], While some of these villages were to protect loyalist Kikuyu, "most were little more than concentration camps to punish Mau Mau sympathizers. In driving a wedge between Mau Mau and the Kikuyu generally, these propaganda efforts essentially played no role, though they could apparently claim an important contribution to the isolation of Mau Mau from the non-Kikuyu sections of the population. [130] Three battalions of the King's African Rifles were recalled from Uganda, Tanganyika and Mauritius, giving the regiment five battalions in all in Kenya, a total of 3,000 native Kenyan troops. Bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges blieb Afrikanern damit die Teilhabe an politischen Entscheidungsprozessen vollständig verwehrt. There are living claimants and it most certainly was not their fault that the documentary evidence that seems to support their claims was for so long 'lost' in the governmental filing system. Early the next morning, Operation Jock Scott was launched: the British carried out a mass-arrest of Jomo Kenyatta and 180 other alleged Mau Mau leaders within Nairobi. Insgesamt wurden in den ersten Tagen des Ausnahmezustands über 8.000 Personen verhaftet. [203], One of the colony's ministers blamed the "bad spots" in Central Province on the mothers of the children for "not realis[ing] the great importance of proteins", and one former missionary reported that it "was terribly pitiful how many of the children and the older Kikuyu were dying. The British and international view was that Mau Mau was a savage, violent, and depraved tribal cult, an expression of unrestrained emotion rather than reason. Sezession Heft 5, Weißmann, Straub, Löw, Rabhel u. a. by digger257 Insgesamt erweckten die noch vorhandenen britischen Dokumente den Eindruck von Lagern, in denen mit Handwerks- und Hygienekursen erzogen und ausgebildet wurde, kurz, dass es sich um Bildungs- und Zivilisierungslager zum Wohle der kolonialen Bevölkerung handelte. [269] As early as November 1952, however, military reports noted that "[t]he Army has been used for carrying out certain functions that properly belonged to the Police, eg. Majdalany also says the British simply used the name as a label for the Kikuyu ethnic community without assigning any specific definition.[20]. [150], For an extended period of time, the chief British weapon against the forest fighters was air power. Author Wangari Maathai indicates that more than one hundred thousand Africans, mostly Kikuyus, may have died in the fortified villages. Januar 1962 in Kraft. [44] The tax burden on Europeans in the early 1920s, meanwhile, was very light. [230] The attack at Lari was so extreme that "African policemen who saw the bodies of the victims . Krieg haben uns einzig den Wert des Friedens bewiesen.“ ... Während des Mau-Mau-Aufstands in den 1950er Jahren wurde seine Familie gefangengenommen, ... Referat Medien und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit Rathaus / Bierstraße 28 49074 Osnabrück Telefax: 0541 323-4353 [215], David Anderson's says the rebellion was "a story of atrocity and excess on both sides, a dirty war from which no one emerged with much pride, and certainly no glory". [7], Die Afrikaner, die auf weißen Farmen lebten, waren Squatter. [5], Kenia schien um die Mitte des 20. On the other hand, some authorities claim that the name was invented by European settlers and applied to the native insurrectionists in Kenya. Spielregeln unklar? David Anderson believes this to be an undercount and cites a higher figure of 5,000 killed by the Mau Mau. In July 2011, "George Morara strode down the corridor and into a crowded little room [in Nairobi] where 30 elderly Kenyans sat hunched together around a table clutching cups of hot tea and sharing plates of biscuits. [T]here is something peculiarly chilling about the way colonial officials behaved, most notoriously but not only in Kenya, within a decade of the liberation of the [Nazi] concentration camps and the return of thousands of emaciated British prisoners of war from the Pacific. Officials could scarcely process them all, let alone get them to confess their oaths. [265] The files, known as migrated archives, provided details of British human rights abuses (torture, rape, execution)[266] in its former colonies during the final stages of empire, including during Mau Mau, and even after decolonisation. [260] Morara said that, if the first test cases succeeded, perhaps 30,000 others would file similar complaints of torture. From the start, the land was the primary British interest in Kenya,[29] which had "some of the richest agricultural soils in the world, mostly in districts where the elevation and climate make it possible for Europeans to reside permanently". [109] It has also been argued that Mau Mau was not explicitly national, either intellectually or operationally. [169] Family outside and other considerations led many detainees to confess. In June 1956, a programme of land reform increased the land holdings of the Kikuyu. Politische Unzufriedenheit, Armut und Arbeitslosigkeit führten dazu, dass in den Vierteln östlich des Stadtzentrums, in denen die afrikanische Bevölkerung lebte, die Kriminalität Ende der 1940er Jahre rapide anstieg. They often refused, even when threats of force were made, to join in the colonial "rehabilitation process" or perform manual labour or obey colonial orders. Mau-mau definition, to terrorize, intimidate, or threaten. The place was little better than a wilderness when I first knew it 25 years ago, and it remains a wilderness to-day as far as our efforts are concerned. Nutzt eure freie Zeit und kocht etwas leckeres! [119], The harshness of the British response was inflated by two factors. When beginning a list in Kikuyu, you say, "maũndũ ni mau", "the main issues are...", and hold up three fingers to introduce them. Damit radikalisierte sich die Widerstandsbewegung, die daraufhin begann, weiße Farmen anzugreifen und gegen politische Gegner vorzugehen. Die Muhimu lehnte den moderaten Weg der KAU-Politiker rundweg ab. Zugleich formulierten jedoch auch die Siedlergruppen in Afrika ihre Ansprüche entschiedener. A popular card game for two or more players, similar to crazy eights. If we left that district. Beide waren erschossen worden und ihre Leichname verstümmelt, vermutlich, weil sie unzuverlässige Zeugen einer Schwurzeremonie geworden waren. Kimathi wurde 1957 gehängt. Er brachte in den 1950er Jahren die Grundfesten der britischen Herrschaft in der ostafrikanischen Siedlerkolonie ins Wanken. Der von 1967 bis 1970 dauernde Krieg wurde durch eine Neugliederung des Landes ausgelöst, nach der die Region Biafra mit ihren Öl-Ressourcen nicht mehr der Führungsschicht der Ibo, sondern der von den Haussa-Fulani dominierten Zentralregierung unterstand. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) supports aviation with global standards for airline safety, security, efficiency and sustainability Immer mehr Truppen mussten in den Kolonien eingesetzt werden und es gab viele Gefallene (z. [77] KASU changed its name to the Kenya African Union (KAU) in 1946. Am 20. Later, prisoners suffered even worse mistreatment in an attempt to force them to renounce their allegiance to the insurgency and to obey commands. This took the form of Operation Anvil, which commenced on 24 April 1954. 1944 gründeten daher ehemalige Mitglieder der KCA in Nairobi die Kenya African Union (KAU), eine neue Organisation, die landesweit für die Interessen der afrikanischen Bevölkerung eintreten wollte. [294], This official celebration of Mau Mau is in marked contrast to a post-colonial norm of Kenyan governments rejection of the Mau Mau as a symbol of national liberation. In a few limited cases, they also deployed biological weapons.[89]. Die offiziellen, abgezirkelten Wohnviertel für Afrikaner waren in Kürze dramatisch überbevölkert, illegale Quartiere wuchsen rasant und beherbergten um 1950 rund 80.000 Menschen. eBook: Rockmusik in den 50er und 60er Jahren (ISBN 978-3-8487-5819-7) von aus dem Jahr 2019 [275] "Everything that could happen did happen. Settler societies during the colonial period could own a disproportionate share of land. Denkmal für den Mau-Mau-General Dedan Kimathi im Zentrum Nairobis. [10], Da die Verwaltungskräfte innerhalb des kolonialen Verwaltungsapparates immer sehr knapp waren, basierte die koloniale Herrschaft auf dem System der indirekten Herrschaft („indirect rule“). . Parliamentary debates. Oktober 1952 Opfer eines organisierten Anschlags geworden, ausgeführt nach Anleitung der Mau-Mau-Führer. Such communication included propaganda and disinformation, which went by such names as the Kinongo Times, designed to encourage fellow detainees not to give up hope and so to minimise the number of those who confessed their oath and cooperated with camp authorities. Mitchell hatte keinerlei Anlass gesehen, auf die Vorkommnisse zu reagieren, und sich den Unmut von Siedlern, Verwaltung und der britischen Regierung zugezogen. They used stolen weapons such as guns, as well as weapons such as machetes and bows and arrows in their attacks. Nach der Einsetzung des neuen Gouverneurs Evelyn Baring (1952) entschloss sich die britische Regierung, den Widerständlern entschlossener entgegenzutreten. It seems to us that our major objective must clearly be the preservation and the wise use of this most important asset. [148] Anvil was the ambitious attempt to eliminate Mau Mau's presence within Nairobi in one fell swoop. Als nach 1945 die Kriegsteilnehmer heimkehrten, wurde die Enge und Landknappheit umso deutlicher. This followed a June 2013 decision by Britain to compensate more than 5,000 Kenyans it tortured and abused during the Mau Mau insurgency. During the course of a conflict, leaders on both sides will use this argument to gain active support from the "crowd". August 2020 um 14:23 Uhr bearbeitet. Die afrikanische Mitgliederzahl vergrößerte sich gegenüber den nichtafrikanischen Delegierten. [270] Huw Bennett of King's College London, who had worked with Anderson on the Chuka Massacre, said in a witness statement to the court that the new documents "considerably strengthen" the knowledge that the British Army were "intimately involved" with the colonial security forces, whom they knew were "systematically abusing and torturing detainees in screening centres and detention camps". Search time: 0.027 sec . Die Ursache des Aufstandes sah man in der psychischen Unfähigkeit der Kikuyu, sich modernen Lebensbedingungen anzupassen, die sie eine Rückkehr zu primitiven Traditionen anstreben ließ. The screening teams whipped, shot, burned and mutilated Mau Mau suspects, ostensibly to gather intelligence for military operations and as court evidence. Its primary goal was the overthrowing British rule … Mau Mau was "perverted tribalism" that sought to take the Kikuyu people back to "the bad old days" before British rule. [34] Sicher ist, dass sowohl Muhimu als auch das Kiambaa Parliament, der innere Zirkel der KAU, Waffen sammelten. Um 1949 suchte Peter Koinange den Kontakt zu Mitgliedern der Muhimu, deren Einfluss auf die Kikuyu zunehmend zu einem Autoritätsverlust der KAU und ihrer Mitglieder führte. In Rückblenden werden seine Erinnerungen an den Aufstand und die Jahre in Folterlagern gezeigt. We are determined to have independence in peace, and we shall not allow hooligans to rule Kenya. Länder - Europa Nachkriegszeit - Publizieren Sie Ihre Abschlussarbeit: Bachelorarbeit, Masterarbeit, oder … Camps and compounds were overcrowded, forced-labour systems were not yet perfected, screening teams were not fully coordinated, and the use of torture was not yet systematised. From the health point of view, I regard villagisation as being exceedingly dangerous and we are already starting to reap the benefits. Insofern hatte man gemeinsame Ziele, nur nicht die gleichen Wege. Regarding decolonisation, the most common view is that Kenya's independence came about as a result of the British government's deciding that a continuance of colonial rule would entail a greater use of force than that which the British public would tolerate. The number of cases of pulmonary tuberculosis which is being disclosed in Prison and Detention Camps is causing some embarrassment.