The reception of refugees has become a more significant factor in the migration situation in the Federal Republic since the late 1970s. Folgende Artikel der Tagesschau sind nicht mehr verfügbar: In the first thirty years of the state’s existence, the annual numbers of asylum seekers fluctuated between a minimum of around 2,000 in 1953 and a maximum of around 51,000 in 1979. Englisch Arbeitsblätter Die deutsch-türkische Migration 1961 unterzeichneten die türkische Regierung und die Bundesregierung ein Anwerbeabkommen, mit dem ein Migrationsprozess zwischen der Türkei und Deutschland in Gang gesetzt wurde. Right up to the 1960s, by far the most asylum seekers came from Eastern, East-Central and Southeastern Europe: the proportion of asylum seekers from the “Eastern Bloc” each year fluctuated between 72 and 94 per cent. Diese Tabelle enthält: Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten 2019 nach Migrationsstatus und Altersgruppen mit Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinne für Deutsche und Ausländer mit und ohne eigene(r) Migrationserfahrung in 1 000 für das Alter unter 5 bis 95 und mehr. Deutsch Arbeitsblätter. Die Zuwanderung nach Deutschland hat in den letzten Jahren deutlich zugenommen. In Deutschland hat gut jede vierte Person einen Migrationshintergrund – in Westdeutschland galt dies im Jahr 2019 für 29,1 Prozent und in Ostdeutschland für 8,2 Prozent der Bevölkerung. 2. The data gathered in later years, for the period from 1946, is quite different in nature: it documents all the officially recorded long-term/permanent departures (across the West German/Federal German borders) of both Germans and foreigners living in Germany, and thus uses a much broader definition of emigration than the information available here for the 19th and early 20th century. Annual immigration by resettlers rose to just over the 200,000 mark in 1988, and hit nearly 400,000 in 1990. These opportunities led to millions of internal and cross-border migrations. After the opening of the borders in 1989/90, East-West migration, which had been kept to a minimum during the “Cold War”, became much more significant again; to some extent, the European migration patterns that had existed before the Second World War now re-emerged. The two world wars of the 20th century and their political consequences led to an enormous increase in forced migrations. Die Flüchtlingspolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bis zum Bau der Berliner Mauer, Düsseldorf 1994 Textband – Datensatz -Dokumentation. Den Versprechen sollen Taten folgen (23.09.2010) Atlas über Migration, Integration und Asyl . 1 Überblick über das Migrationsgeschehen in Deutschland 27 1.1 Definitionen und Datenquellen 27 ... 6.2 Entwicklung illegaler/irregulärer Migration 152 ... Beginn der Aufzeichnung der Statistik im Jahr 1950 dar. 1. For many years, however, the special status of Berlin did not allow any border security measures between the allied sectors of the former capital of the Reich. Thus the data for the period from 1834 to 1939 does not provide information about total emigration from Germany, as it completely disregards the movement of Germans within Europe, and only covers transatlantic migration – with certain gaps. besonders wenige Ausländerinnen und Ausländer leben. It did not, however, cover those who could not or did not wish to claim any benefits, and who travelled directly to relatives or acquaintances in West Germany. After a minimum in 1959, the numbers rose markedly again until the Wall was built, not least because of a reintensification of the policy of collectivization. Since the late 1990s the number of foreign nationals has remained fairly stable, with a tendency to fall, which can be explained in part by the considerably easier access to German citizenship following the reform of the citizenship laws in 2000.11. Deutschland ein Einwanderungsland? 3. Um dies zu gewährleiten sollen die Träger der Integrationskurse künftig mehr Informationen mit den Ausländer-, Sozial- und Einbürgerungsbehörden austauschen. Deutschland – Eine Analyse aktueller Daten und Forschungsergebnisse, Forschungsbericht 20, Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge, S. 7. Bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs fand die meiste Migration innerhal… Im Vergleich liegt die Schulabbrecherquote bei Schülern ohne Migrationshintergrund bei 7%. The data compiled here on post-1945 migratory movements within Germany is based on various records. All figures and tables were taken from the German book edition. Two peak phases saw more than 1 million emigrants each: 1846 to 1857 and 1864 to 1873. This trend was accelerated by the severe economic crisis in the US from 1890 to 1896, culminating in the panic of 1893. Saisonarbeiter, Zwangsarbeiter, Gastarbeiter, Flüchtlinge, Munich 2001. Migration can be understood as a long-term shift in the geographical centre of people’s lives, affecting individuals, families, groups or even whole populations. 1,4 Millionen) wurde in Deutschland geboren. From a political, statistical and journalistic viewpoint, migrations have been the object of particularly intensive observation when state borders have been crossed. Die meisten Ausländerinnen und Ausländer kamen aus Europa (70 %) und Asien (21 %). Between 1871 and 1910, fundamental changes in the presence of foreign nationals in Germany can be identified. In the 1950s, in a situation of high economic growth, intergovernmental recruitment agreements facilitated the large-scale admission of foreign workers. English translation of: Jochen Oltmer, Migration, in: Thomas Rahlf (Ed. In large part these were people who had come to Germany around the time of the Second World War as forced labourers, prisoners of war, or refugees, and remained there, at least temporarily, as “displaced persons” or Heimatlose Ausländer. Problematisch sei ihrer Meinung nach beispielsweise die deutlich höhere Schulabbrecherquote von 13% bei Schülern mit Migrationshintergrund. Sie unterstrich in diesem Zusammenhang die Rolle der Eltern. Menschen entspricht. It records all the foreign nationals in the Federal Republic who hold a residence permit or have applied for asylum. Deutschland registriert, was einer Zunahme um 1.345 Personen im Vergleich zu 2017 entsprach.-Im Bereich der . 2018 siehe Statistisches Bundesamt (): "Jede vierte Person in Deutschland hatte 2018 einen Migrationshintergrund", eigene Berechnung lag der Anteil bei 25,5 Prozent.. Knapp 11,1 Millionen von ihnen haben einen deutschen Pass. (03.09.2010) Some of the figures come from official population registers, recording arrivals and departures, some are based on information from the emergency admission procedure introduced in West Germany in 1950. At the same time, the proportion of applicants from outside Europe increased.13, After a brief decline, the level of asylum-based immigration began to rise again in the mid-1980s, mainly reflecting the political and economic crisis in Eastern, East-Central and Southeastern Europe, the opening of the “Iron Curtain”, and the civil war in (Ex-)Yugoslavia in the 1990s. Germany was a centre of European forced migration processes both during and after the First World War and during and after the Second World War. Such legal regulations, especially the limiting of access to asylum by means of a change in the constitutional right to asylum in 1993, contributed to a sharp decline in asylum-based immigration from the mid-1990s.14, The term Aussiedler has its origins in the early 1950s. Zwangsheirat soll als Straftatbestand definiert werden, der mit bis zu 5 Jahren Haft geahndet werden kann. Instead the number started to rise moderately again in the 1980s, particularly because it was still possible for the families of foreign nationals to follow them to Germany, and also because of the increasing importance of asylum-related migration (see below). Rund 1,38 Millionen von … Auch Scheinehen sollen schärfer bekämpft werden. Schattenwirtschaft - Schwarzarbeit (02/2014), Grundlagen des politischen Systems der BRD. In 1989, the year the Wall fell, the number of people applying for emergency admission rose to over 340,000. Für die Meisten davon ist kein Aufenthaltstitel notwendig, da sie als EU-Bürger das Recht auf Freizügigkeit nach EU-Recht genießen. This figure did not rise substantially again until the final phase of the GDR, reaching a peak level of over 40,000 in 1984 (after the billion-mark loan to the GDR and the approval of 32,000 exit visas, with the aim of calming the domestic political situation). Like all states, Germany has always been a migratory hub, with different movements constantly passing through it, as well as both a starting point and a destination for migratory movements. Das Hauptherkunftsland dieser Ausländer ist die Türkei, 1,47 Millionen Türken hatten Ende 2019 ihren Hauptwohnsitz in Deutschland. The figures for the period from 1834 to 1870 are taken from data collated in 1930 by Friedrich Burgdörfer, then head of the department of population statistics in the Reich’s Statistics Office. Klaus J. Bade/Pieter C. Emmer/Leo Lucassen/Jochen Oltmer (eds. Nicht überall in Deutschland ist der Ausländeranteil gleich hoch. This work may be copied and redistributed for non-commercial, educational purposes, if permission is granted by the author and usage right holders. Biographien immigrierter Mitbürger Efforts to build communication and understanding in the context of West Germany’s “new Ostpolitik”, along with the “détente” in the “Cold War”, led to a phase of steady and relatively high resettler immigration beginning in the early to mid-1970s. What remains invisible here is the sizeable proportion of transatlantic migrants who returned to Germany (probably around 20 per cent), and the trend towards circular movements of multiple departures and returns, which became more significant from the late 19th century onwards.7 The data about departures for the period from 1945 is much more useful for assessing the dynamics of migratory movements, with their high fluctuation. Minarett-Verbot sorgt für politischen Streit (30.11.2009), Mathe Arbeitsblätter Because of the difficulty of accessing data for the 19th and early 20th century, more emphasis is given to the phase after the Second World War. Integrationskurse sind für solche Immigranten Pflicht, die vor dem 1. In the 1970s and 1980s the most important country of origin was Poland: in a 1975 agreement between Poland and the Federal Republic, Poland promised to allow the departure of around 125,000 resettlers in exchange for a loan of 2.3 billion DM. Es misst das Integrationsklima in der Einwanderungsgesellschaft und erhebt Einschätzungen und Erwartungen der Bevölkerung mit Blick auf Integration und Migration sowie auf Integrations- und Migrationspolitik. Am 31. Ulrich Herbert: Geschichte der Ausländerpolitik in Deutschland. At the same time, the considerable expansion of the state’s capacity to intervene and impose order made it possible for ideas about migration policy to be implemented. The migration patterns in the Federal Republic of Germany are an example of the establishment of a new migration regime in constitutional and welfare states since the mid-20th century. The higher the number of people claiming the right to asylum in the Federal Republic from the 1970s onwards, the more legislative measures and provisions were introduced to restrict this right. The major decrease after 1990 was due in part to legislative measures by the Federal Republic, which made it considerably harder to claim resettler status, but also to the fact that fewer and fewer people in Eastern, East-Central and Southeastern Europe could invoke “German ethnicity” and “expulsion pressure”. 4. Innenminister de Maizière in der Türkei Wanderungen Januar bis November 2020: Starker Rückgang der registrierten Zu- und Fortzüge ab März 2020. This included emigrant counts in Germany’s international ports, sometimes supplemented with reports on overseas emigration by Germans from major ports in other European countries (the Netherlands, France, Italy, Great Britain) – though these by no means gave a complete picture. Denn dort leben viele Menschen auf engem Raum. Jochen Oltmer: Migration im 19. und 20. As the data available for the development of emigration in West Germany/the Federal Republic after 1945 has a different basis to that available for overseas emigration before 1939, it is not possible to directly compare these figures. The Data from all tables including the English translations of all column titles can be downloaded at https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1450809.v1. Later, especially from the late 1980s, foreign nationals from a wider range of countries began to arrive. These included deportation and forced labour in the war economies, evacuation and flight from the battle zones, and mass expulsions after the end of the wars. The numbers were highest in 1953 and in 1956/57. Die Karte zeigt, in welchen Regionen im Vergleich zur Gesamtbevölkerung besonders viele bzw. ... bereitet das Statistik-Referat des Bundesamtes jährlich um- ... Deutschland, Europa und der Welt verschaffen. These movements can have considerable importance for social, economic, political and cultural development.1 Kabinett einig über Sicherungsverwahrung (01.09.2010) Ausgabe . Die Anzahl der Auswanderer aus Deutschland betrug im Jahr 2019 rund 1.231.552. From a political, statistical and journalistic viewpoint, migrations have been the object of particularly intensive observation when state borders have been crossed. Hauptgründe dafür sind Zuwanderungen infolge der Betrug bei Online-Banking nimmt stark zu (06.09.2010) 46-58. While the data for the 1950s still strongly indicates emigration by Germans, the much higher figures from the 1960s are largely due to the departure of foreign nationals who had moved to West Germany in the context of the increased employment of foreigners. Griechenland. Dezember 2019 lebten rund 11,23 Millionen Ausländer in Deutschland. In some cases this led to the establishment of legal and administrative entry barriers for those groups seen as having a high degree of foreignness, while also leading to the opening of privileged access routes for other groups, those that were regarded as part of the same nation. Allein in den zehn Jahren von 2007 bis 2016 sind 11,6 Millionen Personen nach Deutschland eingewandert und … The framework and conditions for their admission were regulated by the 1953 “Gesetz über die Angelegenheiten der Vertriebenen und Flüchtlinge” (“Law on the Affairs of Expellees and Refugees”), usually abbreviated to Bundesvertriebenengesetz (Federal Expellee Law) or BVFG. The number of members of the working population who were permitted to leave the GDR, and of those who successfully crossed the border by irregular channels, remained very low in comparison. The number of asylum seekers exceeded 100,000 again in 1988, rose to around 190,000 in 1990, and finally reached a peak of nearly 440,000 in 1992. As the length of the workers’ stay increased, their residency status gradually became more secure. seiner Amtszeit möchte er sich ganz besonders für ein besseres Miteinander der Kulturen einsetzen. Vom Mittelalter bis heute, Munich 2011. Menschen in die EU ein wanderten 0,9 Mio. As a result, these workers could not appear in the statistics.9 The data for the interwar period is limited to the two censuses of 1925 and 1933, which were taken on different census dates (1925: June, 1933: December). Helge Heidemeyer: Flucht und Zuwanderung aus der SBZ/DDR 1945/1949–1961. In the late 1980s and early 1990s in particular, it contributed greatly to an increase in the number of foreign nationals. This limited the freedom of movement of immigrants from East Germany, while granting them, under certain conditions, refugee status with corresponding benefits. 1893 was the last year of substantial transatlantic emigration from Germany before the First World War. Between 1820 and 1860, the German-born population in the US was the second-largest immigrant group after the Irish, at 30 per cent, and from 1861 to 1890 Germans constituted the largest immigrant group.4 Menschen aus der EU aus, was einer Nettozuwanderung in die EU von insgesamt 1,3 Mio. Information about the number of migrants in the Federal Republic admitted as ethnic German resettlers or asylum seekers is provided by official statistics. This was a result of both the above-mentioned opening of the “Iron Curtain”, and increasing (asylum-based) immigration from all over the world – though immigration from Europe still predominated. irregulären Migration, Schleusung, Grenzkontrolle und Visumpolitik sank. The reason behind this huge emigration movement was the disparity between major growth in the German population on the one hand, and a much slower increase in jobs in Germany on the other – as well as an apparently attractive range of opportunities in overseas destinations (especially in North America). Was sind Ausländer? ): The Encyclopedia of Migration and Minorities in Europe: From the Seventeenth Century to the Present, 2rd edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2013. 1. die Zahl der durch die Grenzbehörden im Jahr 2018 unerlaubt ein gereisten Personen um mehr als 20 % im Vergleich zum Vorjahr, wobei die Hauptherkunftsländer Afgha Die Bibliographie zu Deutschland in Daten dokumentiert alle uns bekannten Arbeiten mit einer Verwendung der Daten, die in Büchern, Fachzeitschriften oder der Presse veröffentlicht sind oder als working paper vorliegen. Im Laufe der Geschichte war die Region ein zentraler Bestandteil der globalen Migrationssysteme, die ihre Staaten vor allem durch merkantilistische und koloniale Expansionen aufgebaut und gestaltet haben. It is likely that almost 6 million Germans moved overseas between 1841 and 1928, the vast majority destined for the US.3 Next on the list, but far behind, were Canada, Brazil, Argentina and Australia. Insofern sind es Kurse für Zuwanderer, denen es bisher nicht gelungen ist, sich ohne staatliche Hilfe in das wirtschaftliche, kulturelle und gesellschaftliche Leben in Deutschland einzugliedern. 2019 lebten in Deutschland rund 21,2 Millionen Menschen mit einem sogenannten Migrationshintergrund – das entspricht 26 Prozent der Bevölkerung. This also affected around 14 million Germans, who left or were forced to leave East-Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe in the final phase of the war or in the early post-war years. Zugleich ist COVID-19 in Gemeinschaftsunterkünften für Geflüchtete eine besondere Gefahr. Die Zuwanderung nach Deutschland hat in den letzten Jahren deutlich zugenommen. Statistik zu den jüngsten Entwicklungen Migration in die EU und aus der EU. Aktuelle Berichte der TAGESSCHAU zusammengefasst ... EU öffnet Grenzen für Bosnier und Albaner, "Der Migrationshintergrund allein ist kein Kriterium", Ministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend, Grundsicherung, Hartz IV, Bedarfsge-meinschaften, 6,8 % aus ehemaliges Serbien und Montenegro In the late 19th century, the considerable expansion of economic opportunities in Germany, thanks to advanced industrialization and agricultural modernization, constituted key factors in the decline of overseas emigration. In differenzierter Form setzt dieser sich bis heute fort. wanderten 2,2 Mio. 5. Die Asylstatistik des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) und die Zahlen zu Schutz­suchenden nach dem Ausländer­zentralregister (AZR) nutzen unterschiedliche Daten-grund­lagen und beleuchten damit das Thema humanitäre Immigration … 384,700 were destined for the United States, 234,300 for Canada, and 80,500 for Australia. Migra-tionsbericht 2015 im Auftrag der Bundesregierung, Bundesministerium des Innern (Hg. Mehr Schutz vor Überwachung am Arbeitsplatz (23.08.2010) In the first decade of the Reich their numbers remained low, at 200,000 to 300,000, but from the 1890s they rose considerably. This meant that the GDR and the USSR had little means to control and block emigration, and it is likely that over 3 million people migrated from East to West Germany between the founding of the two German states in 1949 and the construction of the Wall in 1961 (as well as more than 500,000 in the opposite direction).12 While the number of Germans who moved from West to East Germany in the 1950s was not subject to any great fluctuations and came to around 50,000 per year, the margins of fluctuation in East-West movements were considerably higher: according to data from the Notaufnahmeverfahren (emergency admission procedure), the annual figures in the 1950s oscillated between around 150,000 and 330,000. 2019 wanderten unterm Strich … This combination of factors caused governments to notice cross-border and internal migration and immigrant groups in new and different ways. 2018 . Also of great significance for the development of German migration patterns after the Second World War were the movements between the Soviet Occupation Zone (or since 1949: GDR) and the Western Zones (or since 1949: FRG) between 1945 and 1989/90. Das Integrationsbarometer ist eine repräsentative Bevölkerungsumfrage unter Menschen mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland. Zeitreihen zur Historischen Statistik. For permission please contact kontakt@deutschland-in-daten.de. Zu erkennen ist auf den ersten Blick, dass Deutschland im Jahr 2004 mit über 780.000 Personen die meisten Zuwanderer aufgenommen hat. It was only with the high growth rates and full employment of the 1950s Wirtschaftswunder, and with the rapid drop in immigration from the GDR after the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 (see below), that the employment of foreign workers (Gastarbeiter or “guest workers”) increased substantially in the 1960s and early 1970s. Number of … 9. Number of men with migration background in Germany 2019, by age. Alle Abbildungen des Textbandes von „Deutschland in Daten“ im PNG-Format zum Herunterladen. In the 19th century, industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization led to a fundamental change in migration patterns: new, rapidly emerging industrial-urban centres now offered employment opportunities to the urban and rural labouring classes, but also to the (new) middle classes. It should be borne in mind that only a small proportion of asylum applications were approved, so the majority of these did not lead to long-term or permanent residence in the Federal Republic. From 1950 to 1975, around 800,000 resettlers passed through the West German border transit camps; from 1976 to 1987 the number was around 616,000. The chosen census date, however, had one substantial disadvantage: it was outside the season for weather-dependent activities, in which the vast majority of the hundreds of thousands of foreign labour migrants in the German Reich were employed (especially in agriculture, civil engineering and construction-related industries). Um dies abzuändern, schlug Böhmer die Schaffung von noch mehr Ganztagsschulen und den Einsatz von mehr Schulsozialarbeitern vor. The vast majority of these were able to cross the border on the basis of exit permits, which were granted relatively readily to pensioners and other non-working people. "Der Migrationshintergrund allein ist kein Kriterium" (08.09.2010) Klaus J. Bade/Jochen Oltmer: Normalfall Migration, Bonn 2003. Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge 2019. Die allgemeine Situation ausländischer Familien in der BRD 3. Zuwanderer und Ausländer in Deutschland Die Zahl der Zuwanderer lag im Jahr 2019 bei rund 1,56 Millionen, darunter waren etwa 1,35 Millionen Ausländer.Das Hauptherkunftsland der Zuwanderer nach Deutschland war Rumänien, gefolgt von Polen und Bulgarien. On the one hand, the refugees, evacuees, expellees, deportees and prisoners of war who had been forced to migrate during the war were returning home; on the other hand, the efforts of the victors to homogenize the populations of their (in some cases newly won) territory resulted in expulsion, resettlement, displacement and flight, especially of minorities. The construction of the Wall massively reduced movement between East and West Germany: the number of people migrating from West to East Germany from the 1960s to the 1980s did not exceed a figure of 5,000 per year, and was usually around 2,000 to 3,000 per year, with relatively little fluctuation. From the late 19th century, immigration outweighed emigration in German migration history. 2. For the German Empire and the Weimar Republic, this is shown by census data. Bei Zwangsverheiratung im Ausland soll ein Rückkehrrecht zugestanden werden. Citation Ende des Jahres 2019 lebten über elf Millionen Menschen mit ausländischem Pass innerhalb der Grenzen der Bundesrepublik. The fundamental restructuring of statehood in the 19th century resulted in various changes in the underlying conditions for migration and integration, with far-reaching consequences in the 20th century. In 1991, despite high numbers of applications, it fell substantially to a little over 200,000, and remained at this high level until 1995, after which it dropped sharply. The end of the recruitment of foreign workers with the Anwerbestopp (recruitment stop or recruitment ban) of 1973 did not lead to a significant decline in the number of foreign nationals. Zeitreihen zur Historischen Statistik, Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 2015, pp. In the 20 years from the founding of the state in 1949 until 1968, only just over 70,000 people sought asylum in the Federal Republic. Von allen Personen mit Migrationshintergrund sind knapp zwei Drittel selbst eingewandert und gut ein Drittel ist in Deutschland geboren. Quelle Statistisches Bundesamt (2020): "Migration 2019: 327 000 Personen mehr zu- als abgewandert" Zahlen für 2018: Nach Angaben des Statistischen Bundesamtes sind 2018 mehr als 1,58 Millionen Menschen nach Deutschland zugewandert. Substantial immigration of foreign workers, such as took place in the late 1960s and early 1970s, resulted in substantial emigration, and the rapid increase in immigration after the opening of the “Iron Curtain” in 1989/90 led simultaneously to a sharp rise in emigration.8. Deutschland hat - wie viele andere Länder auch - weitreichende Einreisebeschränkungen veranlasst. Another sharp rise began with the collapse of the political systems in Eastern, East-Central and Southeastern Europe, and the opening of the “Iron Curtain”, in 1989/90. Migration studies, however, usually refers to a broader concept of migration, encompassing not only cross-border movements, but also interregional and intraregional movements within national territories. Deutschland ist nach wie vor ein Einwanderungsland, doch die Nettozuwanderung geht seit vier Jahren zurück. A list of all english series names is also available in the documentation http://dx.doi.org/10.12759/hsr.trans.26.v01.2015, pages 1931-1988. Bundesamt stellt Ihnen auf diesen Seiten statistische Informationen zu den Themenbereichen Asyl, Migration The data about the number of asylum seekers in the Federal Republic since 1950 is based on official statistics, and refers to those refugees who have applied for asylum in accordance with the provisions of Article 16, paragraph 2, sentence 2 of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany. Migration: Zuwanderung nach Deutschland wandelt sich Nach Deutschland kommen weniger Flüchtlinge, aber mehr Menschen, um zu arbeiten und … Data on the different forms of migration and migratory movements has been and still is gathered extensively. Betrachtet werden die Bevölkerung mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit und Migrationshintergrund, die Ein- und Auswanderung, die Einbürgerungen, der Asyl- und Flüchtlingsbereich, die Integration sowie Ausländerfeindlichkeit und Rassismus. Migration can be understood as a long-term shift in the geographical centre of people’s lives, affecting individuals, families, groups or even whole populations. (inkl. At the end of the 19th century, nation-building – designed to underpin the legitimacy of state rule – interacted with colonial and imperial ambitions, and with the establishment and expansion of the interventionist and welfare state, which was in itself a response to mass politicization and to the increasing organization of political interests. At the same time, the composition of the group of asylum seekers changed radically: in 1986, around 75 per cent were still from the “Third World”, but in 1993, 72 per cent were once again from Europe. After the expulsions of Germans from Eastern, East-Central and Southeastern Europe had ended, there were still around 4 million “deutsche Volkszugehörige” (“ethnic Germans”) without German citizenship living in these areas, according to information from German agencies in 1950. In the six decades from 1950 to 2015, a total of more than 4.5 million ethnic German resettlers moved to the Federal Republic of Germany.15.