He says that people have asked him why Jews did not try to escape the Germans but in fact they did so. He was among the remaining five. She didn't like what she was doing but had to keep the job otherwise she would be deported. Highway toward downtown Atlanta, where Lanzmann interviewed Steiner and Reams. 05:17:57 Some who tried to bring food to the synagogue were turned away by Jewish officials and told that those inside were being looked after. Aaron refers to the Rikanati brothers - Jews who helped the Germans - and the level of anti-Semitism in Greece at the time. He heard this first at his trial in Bonn after the war. Only 20 cars could be shunted to the camp to be unloaded at a time, so they divided each train into three parts. SON SEUL 041 - Hilberg reads from the diary of Adam Czerniakow, the Judenrat of the Warsaw Ghetto, from his entry on June 14, 1942. Location filming of scenes in New York City for SHOAH. Lanzmann asks her about the parents' reactions, and she says that overall they seemed to think it was a good thing, that the children would be better off. She asks the audience to cooperate with Lanzmann if he asks any questions. (07:20) Nightlife in downtown Berlin. She says that the types of people chosen varied greatly but included the most endangered refugees, Zionists, Jewish intellectuals, orphans, and rich people, whose wealth helped pay the $1,000 per-person ransom demanded by the Germans. Nobody gave any sign that anything was wrong with their situation, not one tip-off or clue, which was quite unusual considering that every other POW camp would have such occurrences. Lanzmann asks Inge to define the difference between the Jewish experience in large cities like Berlin and smaller towns. 01:22:28 CR3 Deutschkron says the laws enacted in September 1935 (finally) disrupted the lives of normal Jewish people. The members of the commission had heard the audio tape in which Schubert argued with the prosecutor about the wording ("observe" vs. "supervise") and recommended that he be granted clemency. Mrs. Oppenheimer confirms what her husband said about East Jews. Then the English occupied Madagascar. Lanzmann says that in the second period the Jews were gathered in the church and Jewish clothing was distributed among the Poles in Łódź. Lanzmann clarifies the date: August 2, 1943. A group of adults gathers to read. The Jews from the Sonderkommando slept in the basement and Schalling claims that he sometimes threw food down for them to eat because they received so little to eat. He was scared to work, but nothing ever happened to him while he was there. 02:16:25 Good close-up of Schubert's face. They felt the despair that comes with knowing that only death was in front of them, but Kovner also thinks they were the only ones in the ghetto who felt free because they knew they were choosing to die fighting. [No image 01:01:02 to 01:01:10] The transports of Jews from the East arrived in cattle cars, while the transports from the west arrived passenger train cars. They would put all the corpses in those cars and take them inside the camp. He was also given a tour of Auschwitz, which he did not realize was a death camp. SOB 48. When asked why women and not men did this job she says, "Don't ask me." Many people questioned Kovner about the purpose of his resistance. After Katyn became known, in order to destroy the evidence the corpses were dug up and burned in pits with grills made from railroad iron. Lanzmann, shirtless, sits in bed under the sheets and lights a cigarette. Claude Lanzmann tries to help, but Mr. Borowi continues sleeping. INTs, church service. Forested area. Glazar says that they already began to think of a revolt in November 1942 and he talks about the differences in mentality between the western and the eastern Jews. Avriel says Brand had fallen for the Nazi belief of Jewish groups being all-powerful. Laurent Gamelon; Guy Hamilton; Marc Andreoni; John Abineri; Roland Blanche; David Glover; Albert Dupontel; Ha 00:03:15 TR 24 Lanzmann and Gawkowski continue to discuss the changes to the track system as they walk; very little has changed since the war. CR5 Lanzmann asks Schalling why he has never spoken to his son about Chelmno. She thinks that most people knew but they didn't want to believe it, and that they followed the orders of the Germans because of a respect for the law. FILM ID 4685 -- White 20 Wlodowa Ville His family went into hiding during World War II. We will choose what Claude is interested in. However, it was reported to him that Jews who lived in the larger area were liquidated by the SD. INT, elderly couple inside the Sobibor station. 30 to 50 train cars arrived, of which varying numbers went on to Treblinka, the rest remaining behind. 137 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 139 /H [ 768 282 ] /L 166964 /E 55901 /N 43 /T 164105 >> endobj xref 137 16 0000000016 00000 n She says the gas vans came into use later, when there were too many Jews to kill and burn at Majdanek [? INT, tower. Lanzmann reads two quotations from the "Kasztner Report, " in which Kasztner expresses a kind of guilt for negotiating with Eichmann, and asks for Hansi Brand's reaction. TR 27, 28, 29 are background noise around the train station Lanzmann asks Pehle if they tried to involve the Vatican and the Pope in matters of the war. 1890. Suchomel explains that ten prostitutes were brought in for the Ukrainian guards, not for the Germans. FILM ID 3684 -- Broad 18 FILM ID 3620 -- Schilanski Israel 76 Lanzman says that his struggle against the actions of the SD were hopeless, because he knew that the end goal was destruction. There are some construction and other noises in the background. They discuss explanations for the lateness of the WRB's creation and deployment, problems with the State Department's bureaucracy, and the marginalization of the refugee question, particularly in government policy before 1944. A man drives a cart laden with hay out of his field and down a road. Lanzmann starts by asking Bolkowiak to discuss the birth of the resistance movement. He was given the task of writing both of these appeals which was difficult because of state censorship, but somehow he succeeded. He refused the money but told the story anyhow, which gave him credibility. (04:08:39) They talk about the deportation of the children from Łódź. The infirmary did not function as a hospital but was used as an execution place for prisoners. These cuts correspond to dialog and picture that was used in the final film. Cars pass while driving on a highway, large smoke stacks in BG. Gawkowski and a Polish choir sing "W mogile ciemnej ?pij na wieki," a Gregorian-chant style funeral march written by Aleksander Orlowski, in a church accompanied by an organ. She says that she was, in a way. FILM ID 3371 -- 3bis entre engage train -- 10:00:00 to 10:19:34 (The sound is flawed for the first 3 minutes or so. ]” More photos - on the left: “Brong Uvar, kz. A train goes by. Streets, houses, etc. Yet at the same time the Jews maintained some small hope that they might not be murdered, might be able to help each other survive. More trees and the river. Falborski did not discuss this with May, but with May's wife. Chelmno 15.” There is background noise of walking as they go through the trees. The audio levels continue to be inconsistent. FILM ID 3638 -- Lettre Just, version 2 CUs of train windows as it passes. Sound drops out at the end of the tape. The original color negatives were received in cans labeled "Tu Ne Commetras Pas Le Crime," 1991. In talking with other prisoners, he learned that there was no escape from Sobibor. CU of Lily Strauss. She describes the separation of the two parts of the ghetto. 16:57 “Holocaust Document No. Lanzmann interviews Nahum Goldmann. He goes on to say that although he moved back to Krakow after his marriage in 1957, he and his wife visit Stanislaw (now part of Russia) every year. He can describe the crematoria in detail because he had a friend who worked at the building administration for the camp. Inge stands, shoulders her bag, and moves towards the exit. He quotes from one of the letters and asks for clarification on Kretschmer's assertion that the war was a Jewish war. Once her baby girl is born he orders that her breasts be bound to prevent her from breastfeeding, so that he can see how long a baby can live without food. He then introduces the role and the tasks he was given at the American Joint Distribution Committee and his transfer from Rome to France and ultimately to Switzerland. A man gets off the train, crew says "cut" (5.24) Take 17. CU of the moving antenna. Tor 5” “do wyjscia” Train conductor hangs out the window and checks the time. 01:14:43 End Bergson talks about the discipline of the Jewish people and how they often follow their leaders. (01:24:30) Discusses James Dunn who was an undersecretary at the State Department who is quoted to have had the power of indefinitely postponing immigrant entrance into the United States. Lanzmann asks him who has the right to judge him and he says the Czech court of Leitmeritz. Lanzmann asks about panic in the ghetto. 7688.” A pile of empty baskets. 01:00:29 CR72 McClelland describes the Swiss government's response to the WRB's activity and to the movement of Jewish and other refugees in Europe. Suicides were common then - about a dozen every night. After the second shipment came, a smell spread throughout the area, and then they realized what the true purpose of Sobibor was: extermination. Lanzmann asks if there was resistance against the Aeltestenrat. FILM ID 3895 -- CR 1-4 A few people are walking on the sidewalk. Audio and picture both cut in and out periodically. The pyres were up to seven meters tall. A hidden camera interview with a member of Ordnungspolizei in Chelmno. Steiner says that Weissmandel thought that money would come pouring in to help save the Jews, once it became known what the deportations really meant. Murmelstein describes the Jewish council as marionettes but finally he refused to gather people for deportations and Brunner had the idea to make the selections himself. Lanzmann finally turns around and tells the cameraman to cut. He was blamed for this. (04:16) “BOB 59” He says that he arranged, with Eichmann and Brunner, to allow 500 Jews [Glaubensjuden] to stay in Vienna, where they remained free until the end of the war. Kovner explains that he was hidden by a Catholic woman named Irena who had been a member of the Polish Scouts. Popper Hugo. Kovner replies with a story about the rumors that were spread. FILM ID 3127 -- Camera Rolls #7,8,8/2 -- 03:00:05 to 03:22:24 The three camps of Operation Reinhardt were exclusively extermination camps. A man sits by the sea. Steiner talks about Weissmandel's suggestion that they blow up a railroad tunnel. (2.53) Cut to another field. NY 71 Lanzmann talks with Mr. Ziering, whom he calls Mr. Kempinsky, about his recollections. Broad talks about a story he heard of during the war, in which Goebbels gave an order to release two or three prisoners from Auschwitz. CR 7A Mute coupes of an outdoor train station. Find the perfect Susanne Heinz Heinz stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. FILM ID 4649 -- White 4 TR gare wagons et enfants Now it seems impossible that it happened, though he knows it did. She talks about the postwar Kasztner trial, in which Judge Benjamin Halevi believed the witnesses against Kasztner [CLIP 3 ENDS]. (3:14) Train. 00:21:59 Different landscape while driving. 04:11:28 The women start talking about one German who was not so bad but Lanzmann asks them about more ghetto songs. Burmeister told Srebnik that after the war he would adopt him. He reasons instead that the elderly and exhausted must be those lost, and is befuddled by the lack of resistance, their "extreme passivity," and thinks that 500 Poles would have tried to escape. Kryshak discusses the mechanics of the train (brakes, the engine). Everyone was in agreement about escaping. Rossel was present for a tour of Theresienstadt, which was requested by the International Red Cross and allowed by the Germans. They walk back across the tracks to the ramp, the exact one where the Jews were unloaded from the trains and taken into the camp. He says that if the Council had not gone along with the Germans and had instead been honest about the situation then more Jews would have gone into hiding and been saved [CLIP 2 ENDS]. Murmelstein tells of how Eichmann continued to threaten and squeeze money out of the Jewish community. Spiess finds it symbolic of the German master race mentality that the SS could not imagine that the oppressed, beaten Jews could initiate and succeed in a revolt. He found Minsk abandoned by the Russian government with about 70,000 Jews remaining in the city when the Germans came. FILM ID 3349 -- Camera Roll #49 -- 02:00:20 to 02:11:24 The Germans demanded sixty strong people, and reasoning that food would be needed to do hard labor, Lerner volunteered. "AUS 47" Mr. Ziering said those were mostly Jews born in Germany, who could not believe what was happening. FILM ID 3775 -- Camera Rolls 27-29 “A strong programme for a strong debut,” as one critic summed up the evening. 00:04:15 CR 40 Armando Aaron, President of the Jewish community in Corfu, talks with Claude Lanzmann. She talks about passing through Krakow and seeing Jews working on the railroad. Memorial graveyard. FILM ID 3634 -- Hilse 1 CU of Inge Deutschkron speaking with Lanzmann. Arrival/departure board for Łódź Kaliska, one of two main railway stations in the Polish city of Łódź. They sing several songs, including at least one brought to Kaiserwald by the Vilna Jews when they arrived in September 1943. Roll 1 Madam Pietyra sits in the living room of the apartment she occupies in Auschwitz. Zaidel worked as an electrician, lighting up the graves at night, and thus had screw drivers and pliers at his disposal. Weissmandel resolved to impart what he had learned of the killings to the world, and wrote to various countries and authorities worldwide. 01:01:56 Fulton Fish Market, Brooklyn Bridge and Manhattan Bridge in distance. [CLIP 2 BEGINS] She says that she was able to live with her husband and another couple and in the summer of 1943 she became pregnant. Jacques Marin, né le 9 septembre 1919 à Paris et mort le 10 janvier 2001 à Cannes, est un acteur français See Lanzmann's memoir The Patagonian Hare for his reflections on Borowi and his role in the film. Broad states that Baumert was fully aware of what was going on, but did not want to admit it. 01:07:04 End He explains how they all actually existed before the war except for the communist organization, which was formed after the war by several smaller groups united by a common cause (fighting the Germans). Shmuel Tamir sits at a wooden table in front of a striped curtain with several books on the table in front of him. Sign next to pier, “The Famous Residences” with a map of famous estates located on the banks of the river. When Lanzmann asks whether the gentleman is sad that there are no more Jews in Poland, he replies that it is not his business and that it doesn't matter to him.14:39 TR 109 Lanzmann and his interpreter enter private gates and meet a farmer who worked in the construction of the Treblinka camp. Murmelstein didn't think it was right to use a place on a ship for a 90 year old, but it wasn't his decision. Ukrainians were the ones who unloaded the gas vans and removed jewelry. Glimpses of travelers' feet. 15:07:52 CR48 and CR49 Lanzmann says that Suchomel spoke admiringly of the Czech group. Lanzmann says that perhaps the final solution was the only solution to such conditions and Grassler replies that in his opinion neither the conditions nor the final solution should have happened. Green pastures with grazing cattle. (10:23) Clapperboard. (sound and image in and out throughout reel) Lanzmann and Stier recall the names of European regions formerly part of the Third Reich. SOB 75 Snowy shots of Sobibor forest and railway tracks. *** The following are audio reels **** Train arrives. He talks about another survivor of Ponary, an older woman who had been part of a roundup of women. J. Gagarina” People leaving the Catholic mass, gathered outside the church. The children's screams were easily distinguishable, as were gunshots and dogs barking. Prause describes the Polish black market and the black market in the Warsaw ghetto. The technicians watch the image, listen to the sound, and make adjustments. FILM ID 4677 -- Sobibor Bte 16 Coupe Piwonski Bois Watch tower for the railway. Dieser Pinnwand folgen 576 Nutzer auf Pinterest. Crew sets up. Goldberg and the two men in a shop. He says that he does remember the first transport though, and wondered how they were going to kill so many Jews, and people began to talk about how unprecedented something like this is. Dugin compares opening the graves to opening a tin of sardines: the bodies of the victims were tightly packed. They are dust, economic and moral dust... only a remnant shall survive. He says that the Ukrainians would smuggle gold out of the camp, pay for goods with it, and people would come from as far as Warsaw to buy the gold. Bolkoviac continues by telling how difficult it was to save a Jew (due to their different language/appearance), about the great risk to those involved and their families. In July, 1942 the deportations began. 00:11:37 CR16 Lanzmann makes a distinction between the aims of the Europaplan, to save all Jews, and the aims of other rescue missions (he mentions Kazstner and Freudiger in Hungary), to pick and choose whom to save. 09:00:36 With sound, a train pulls into the station and passengers disembark. Landscapes and small buildings on the side of the road. Being a member of the Council did not mean that one had absolute security -- there were members of the Council who were deported starting in 1942. Directly killing so many people was too much even for the SS, and so the gas chambers came into existence. She says that many of the arriving German Jews were older, bewildered and unprepared, and they often ended up dying quickly in the ghetto. “Blok Smierci” plaque above the door at Block 11. Several of the men were also interviewed with Srebnik at the site of the camp (see Film ID 3282-3284 for CR #51-60). He hid in a ghetto outside of Łódź for two years. Film ID 3507 -- Rotem 141, take 12 -- 00:00:44 to 00:11:42 03:10:59 Roll #8: Bolkowiak continues to talk about the situation in Poland and how it differed from that of other countries. (28.42) A fenced in yard and a structure, still at sunset. No sound until 01:05:32. Ceremonie At Lanzmann’s request, Dotty reads the text of a certificate from President Kennedy on the wall in their home. Avriel reads another letter from the Bedzin ghetto on the Polish/German border. The victims were forced to run through a path in the tube, called the "Way to Heaven" by the prisoners, which brought them to the gas chambers. Lanzmann asks whether she thought the ghetto would protect her and she says that she did not feel this way. The scene repeats once more. CR 6 02:20:42 Lanzmann asks whether Grassler knew Hans Galuba (? He says that in Berlin the Jews wore yellow stars. Lanzmann says they are standing outside of the Ghetto Fighters House. FILM ID 3137 -- Camera Rolls #16-18 -- 05:00:08 to 05:18:45 Different angle of the three of them on the bench. He says that reports of his death were "wishful thinking" by those whom he witnessed in uncomfortable situations during the war. 00:22:45 CR17 Even after Wisliceny had left for Greece to organize the deportations of the Greek Jews to Auschwitz, Steiner and company would continue to meet with him during his occasional visits to discuss the plan. Various scenes of daily life in Grabow during different seasons. FILM ID 4731 -- Paysages Divers I / orangeraie, champ de coton, el arch (10:04) 13:11:17 CR 49 There is some static in the audio. Schalling recounts his time spent in a hospital, when he wasn't allowed to leave for Christmas. A street light shines brightly, and in the distance the lights of a train are visible. They gathered with the Ukrainians and fled, scaling the fence. is on the balcony. Both are available to the public. Since Jewish establishments had not yet been extinguished, Jewish public life merely migrated towards them in the hope that the vitriol would pass. Hilberg describes this as a "formula for disaster," as it did not appease the Nazi regime, nor did it save more lives. FILM ID 3808 –- Camera Rolls NY 72A-74 coupes Lanzmann compliments Murmelstein on his memory and asks about the reason behind the creation of the Judenraete and the Judenaeltesten. but Srebnik remained for 6 months. Kapo Meier was allowed to recover and live instead of being sent to the fake camp hospital, the Lazaret. Grassler and Auerswald worked together but did not share the same personal interests. CR 4 FILM ID 3688 -- Broad 22 Zuckerman comments that Lanzmann has been able to get him to talk about things he does not like thinking about. A man performs a traditional dance, a crew member joins him, and he grabs a woman from the small crowd to dance. 01:05:12 CR70 The camera now sits to Lanzmann's right shoulder, capturing Lanzmann's profile and McClelland's front over the round table. He describes the train journey to Treblinka and arrival at the camp. 02:22:47 CR6 Glazar met various people he had known in Prague, including his religion teacher. More mute shots of the snowy forest. He had always thought before that the image of the "haggling Jew" was a joke. CR6 Hilberg explains the complicated scheduling of the Sonderzug (the deportation trains) by examining a Reichsbahn document. A month later, the men were rounded up again, taken to the border, chased each night by dogs and shot at by police on both sides of the border. As the audio reaches an audible level, the group is walking past the camera, stopping in front of it. Lanzmann asks what she is praying for, and she replies that she does not know. %PDF-1.3 %���� He says that although he would be the last person to say a good word about Eichmann, working with him allowed Murmelstein to accomplish certain goals (saving people from deportation or getting them released from camps). He goes on to describe the smell. This interview is the basis of Lanzmann's 1999 documentary "A Visitor from the Living" [Un vivant qui passe]. Hilberg discusses the bureaucracy of the Reichsbahn, as he points out how the administrator for the Personenwagen (the regular trains) also approved the scheduling of the Sonderzug. He accompanied two or three trains loaded with Jews. FILM ID 3780 -- Camera Rolls 50-51 Night has fallen, and a group of people sit further inland. They did not like the "yes-man" attitude that prevailed among some of the Judenrat members, including the head, Schepersczy?, and Hochberg, who dealt with Dieter Wisliceny, Eichmann's deputy. Lanzmann asks whether his family ever thought of emigrating and Glazar says that his stepfather thought about emigrating to England but decided in the end that it would be too hard to start over with a new life in a new country. McClelland describes meeting Pierre Laval in the office of a member of the Vichy government, Dr. Bernard Ménétrel, which he attended with a member of the Quaker organization. CUs, antenna. Back inside, the priest leads members in prayer and song. His students were university faculty members who were also Nazis. and that the owner of a Jewish business was allowed to emigrate after the Aryanization of his business. Roll 51 Lanzmann adds that the Jews of Grabow were transported to Chelmno and killed just a few weeks later. 01:06:39 Lower East Side or Jewish Orthodox neighborhood in Brooklyn. Marton received letters from her husband at first but then none came for eight months. Since the WRB drastically changed American policy, immigration has become much more liberal, allowing Cubans, Vietnamese and Hungarians to come into the country to flee from persecution and hardship. He says that if Hoefing (?) He notes the Nazi regime's total seizure of power over Jewish life, as the Reichsvertretugg, the organization that represented all German Jews regardless of political, religious, or social differences, was subsumed by the Interior Ministry in 1939. Lanzmann asks Gewecke to talk about what the concept of "the East" meant to him at the time and means to him now. By chance, he also learned of a third secret, Operation Brand, wherein the Germans euthanized those victims of bombing raids in Germany who were severely injured or became mentally ill. Suchomel says he did not think about suicide, just survival for himself and his family, and that he will have to live with this burden for the rest of his life. Camera pulls back and shows Brooklyn Bridge looking towards Midtown Manhattan, then pan from north to south. She says that it also produced a higher degree of bitterness in survivors, and that there was no uprising in the Łódź ghetto. Inc.” Survivors talk with one another, some eat. loco -- 09:00:00 to 09:07:12 Tape jumps frequently at the beginning. When the Germans occupied Prague it became too dangerous for Glazar to remain there, so his parents sent him to work as a farm hand in the countryside. 00:02:55 End of TR 23 Lanzmann asks why Mr. Ziering does not show his face to the camera. The Nazi government required a colossal exit fee. Lazarett Sable Marche Lanzmann asks why the man thinks this all happened to the Jews in particular. 04:08:12 Scene of a boat named Helvétie. Roll 1A Gewecke sits behind a table in front of a window with Lanzmann and Corinna Coulmas (Lanzmann's interpreter) to his left. Lanzmann asks about Bolkowiak's work with children in the ghetto. Gewecke talks about the end of the war and says that the SD took his wife and family, whom he had evacuated earlier, into protective custody. Murmelstein says, and Lanzmann agrees, that Madagascar became code for the Final Solution. Tamir points out that Kasztner made a statement on behalf of [Kurt] Becher after the war, and tried to help Krumey and Dieter Wisliceny. The whole reel consists of shots of a party in a yard in Israel (presumably Srebnik's yard). Members of the Senate, led by Vice President Henry Wallace, suspended their session to come out and meet the rabbis. Instead the thought occurred to him that these hundreds of thousands of people were disappearing from somewhere. 02:45 People and Israeli soldiers attend a memorial service among graves of Jewish people, most likely, the Kiryat Shaul Cemetery in Israel which erected memorials for Holocaust victims. Lanzmann then repeats the previous scene, this time with the camera showing someone manning the equipment in the van. At the beginning of the Treblinka trial in 1964, there were 53 survivors out of the one million who entered Treblinka's gates. Terezin from an upstairs window. 04:22:49 The library also contains newspapers, periodicals, and radio addresses from the Middle East and Russia associated with contemporary antisemitism. FILM ID 3387 -- CR# CH 18,19,21,90 Maisons Grabow part 2 -- 02:00:08 to 02:01:04 (Typo on video transfer slate. Suchomel claims he tried to make life as pleasant as possible for the Jews working in his workshops. Bergson discusses how the remaining Jews of Europe could have been saved. Lanzmann asks to cut. He points out a reference to Grassler in Czerniakow's diary, from January 30th, 1942, regarding the surrender of the fur; Lanzmann's interpreter translates the diary entry for Grassler. (1.57) A sign in German demanding the relocation of Jews that do not work for companies; those that volunteer will get three kilograms of bread and one kilogram of jam. [CLIP 4 BEGINS] He reads from a letter that was sent to Sternbuch by a relative from Warsaw and deciphers its coded contents for Lanzmann, as an example of how people had to communicate at the time. CR22 Sound on this tape is muddy. Gewecke answers that he wants to provide two examples. Lanzmann asks Grassler what he thought when he visited the ghetto. 4/ Nous, enfants de l'enfer. FILM ID 4656 -- White 50 TR 118-126.131.132 Rampe. Bauer illustrates a case of two Jews near Vilna who escaped to the forest; when they did not return, the Nazis killed 150 Jewish villagers. Weissmandel was able to negotiate for the rescue of Slovakian Jews by convincing the Nazis that if they happened to lose the war, allowing some Jews out would help their image. Dr. Fischer had the contacts with the Germans. Lanzmann presses for more details about the gas vans. Lanzmann is trying to figure out the Polish perception of Jews and why they did not act to stop the Germans, but does not get a satisfactory answer. 08:12:44 CR24 Glazar says that after the transports from the Balkans there came another quiet period. Sound cuts out at 03:09:41 Smoke wafts in front of his face as he looks down. (01:12:10) Further discusses the “Jewish love affair with Roosevelt” and notes that although American Jews had political leverage, it was a disproportionate amount unable of changing major policy. They were able to meet the contact on the Christian side of Warsaw, who advised that a rescue operation of Jewish fighters in the ghetto take place. Piwonski says that the Poles were surprised by the Jews' lack of resistance. Avriel discusses how Gruenbaum was a politician and not an authority. The Germans did not expect the Jews in the ghetto to fight back.